• 생약학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2008

We previously reported that anti-inflammatory properties of poncirin, isolated from fruit of Poncirus trifoliata, might be the result from the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis $factor-{\acute{a}}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) expression via the down-regulation of $NF{-\kappa}B$ binding activity. In this study, we investigated whether poncirin has an inhibitory effect on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators ex vivo and whether poncirin could relieve the symptoms of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice model of inflammatory bowel disease. Poncirin significantly inhibited the productions of NO, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse peritoneal macrophage. In addition, poncirin-treated mice when compared to control mice not receiving treatment recovered better from the weight loss caused by DSS-induced colitis. Changes in disease activity index (DAI) of poncirin-treated mice were also more favorable than for control mice and were comparable with mice treated with a typical anti-inflammatory-drug, 5-aminosalichylic acid (5-ASA). In addition, suppression of plasma NO and IL-6 productions of poncirin-treated mice was also observed in DSS-induced colitis. These results suggest that poncirin has potentially useful anti-inflammatory effects mediated by suppression of inflammatory mediator productions.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2013

Luteolin is a flavonoid found in abundance in celery, green pepper, and dandelions. Previous studies have shown that luteolin is an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. In this study, the anti-inflammatory capacity of luteolin and one of its glycosidic forms, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, were compared and their molecular mechanisms of action were analyzed. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells, luteolin more potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 as well as the expression of their corresponding enzymes (inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) than luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects were investigated to determine whether the inflammatory response was related to the transcription factors, nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and activator protein (AP)-1, or their upstream signaling molecules, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Luteolin attenuated the activation of both transcription factors, NF-${\kappa}B$ and AP-1, while luteolin-7-O-glucoside only impeded NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, both flavonoids inhibited Akt phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, luteolin more potently ameliorated LPS-induced inflammation than luteolin-7-O-glucoside, which might be attributed to the differentially activated NF-${\kappa}B$/AP-1/PI3K-Akt pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.118-134
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• 2010

Objective: Yang Geouk San Hwa - Tang (YGSHT) has been widely used in Sasang Constitutional Medicine of Korea for treatment of acute inflammatory symptom, such as palatine tonsillitis, polydipsia, headache, papule, pimple however, the mechanism of its anti-inflammatory activity has not been clarified. In this study, therefore, we investigated the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of YGSHT on LPS-induced inflammation. Materials and methods: The effect of YGSHT was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results: We found that YGSHT suppressed not only the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$), the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (PGE)2, but also the mRNA expression of pre-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, YGSHT was shown to inhibit the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 and the activation and translocation of NF-kB from cytosol to nuclear in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that YGSHT exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the regulation of the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 pathway and NF-kB pathway, thereby decreasing production of pre-inflammatory cytokines, NO, and PGE2.

• 한국키틴키토산학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2017

Red tide Heterosigma akashiwo (H. akashiwo), a microscopic alga of the class Raphidophyceae, causes extensive damage to all marine ecosystems. It is essential to reduce the damage to marine ecosystems for them to be used as a resource. In this study, we used organic solvent fractionation to obtain an ethyl acetate-methanol extract from H. akashiwo (HAEM80) and then evaluated its anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and a zebrafish model. HAME80 markedly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). It also down-regulated the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and decreased the secretion of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. HAME80 reduced yolk edema and improved the survival rate of LPS-stimulated zebrafish embryos; in addition, the extract significantly reduced the production of ROS and NO and attenuated cell death in this model. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of the extract was used to confirm the identity of peaks 1-20. Taken together, our data suggest that H. akashiwo is a beneficial anti-inflammatory agent.

• 생약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.192-201
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• 2021

Dangguisu-san (DGSS) is widely known traditional herbal medicinal formula in Korea for treatment of traumatic injury by traffic accident, ecchymosis, abdominal distension and anti-thrombosis of blood. This study was conducted to develop the simultaneous analyze method using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and examine the effect of anti-inflammatory activity of DGSS-dry extract (DGSS-DE) and DGSS-mix extract powder (DGSS-MEP). Physicochemical characteristics of DGSS-DE and DGSS-MEP showed that there is no significant difference in pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solid content and browning degree except for color value (L, a, b). 15 functional constituents of DGSS were identified and the correlation coefficient values of DGSS-DE and DGSS-MEP were conformed 0.950. Also, DGSS-DE and DGSS-MEP significantly decreased the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) through inhibited expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. From these result, DGSS-MEP showed similar chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effect to DGSS-DE. Therefore, DGSS-DE and DGSS-MEP may be useful as potential source of drug to prevent inflammation.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.471-479
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the Rhododendron weyrichii flower extract fermented using Shindari, a traditional Jeju barley Nuruk-based fermentation. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower extracts (RF) and R. weyrichii flower extracts fermented with Nuruk or Shindari (RFFN or RFFS, respectively) using various in vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, total phenol content and FRAP assays. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of the RF and RFFS on murine RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by treating the RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ㎍/ml) of RF or RFFS. As a result, we observed that the ABTS radical scavenging activity and total phenol content of RFFS was higher than that of RF and RFFN. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly lower in RFFS-treated cells when compared to the LPS-treated control. In addition, RFFS-treated cells exhibited decreased expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) proteins and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that both the quercetin and quercetin glucoside (quercitrin and isoquercitrin) levels were affected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, our data suggests that traditional fermentation could be an important strategy in improving the biological properties of raw materials including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, RFFS may be a candidate for developing topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2022

Haliotis discus hannai called abalone, is the valuable marine mollusks and the by-products of abalone processing are viscera. Brownish abalone male viscera (AMV), which have not been reported as having anti-inflammatory effects, was extracted with acetone and fractionated by different six acetone/hexane ratios (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%) using a silica column via in vitro ABTS and DPPH radical and nitric oxide (NO) production assay-guided fractionation. Among the fractions, the acetone/hexane ratio 40%, A40 exhibited the most potent radical scavenging activities and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production without cytotoxicity. A40 inhibited LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis revealed that A40 down-regulated the activation of NF-κB, MAPK (ERK 1/2, p-38, and JNK), and inflammatory enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Moreover, this fraction inhibited the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These results suggested that AMV containing A40 with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidantive effects, is the effective therapeutic and functional material for treating inflammatory disorders.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.644-653
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• 2024

Considering the emergence of various infectious diseases, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), people's attention has shifted towards immune health. Consequently, immune-enhancing functional foods have been increasingly consumed. Hence, developing new immune-enhancing functional food products is needed. Pinus densiflora pollen can be collected from the male red pine tree, which is commonly found in Korea. P. densiflora pollen extract (PDE), obtained by water extraction, contained polyphenols (216.29 ± 0.22 mg GAE/100 g) and flavonoids (35.14 ± 0.04 mg CE/100 g). PDE significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) but, did not exhibit cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot results indicated that PDE induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. PDE also significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of cytokines and the phosphorylation of IKKα/β and p65, as well as the activation and degradation of IκBα. Additionally, western blot analysis of cytosolic and nuclear fractions and immunofluorescence assay confirmed that the translocation of p65 to the nucleus after PDE treatment. These results confirmed that PDE increases the production of cytokines, NO, and ROS by activating NF-κB. Therefore, PDE is a promising nutraceutical candidate for immune-enhancing functional foods.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.1242-1247
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• 2012

본 연구를 통하여 청시닥나무의 에탄올 추출물은 쥐 대식세포인 Raw264.7 세포에 LPS로 유도된 염증반응에 미치는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 청시닥나무 목질부와 수피부에 에탄올을 가하여 추출한 뒤 그 추출물과 분획물의 NO 생성능 및 세포증식능을 실험한 결과 수피부의 EtOAc 분획이 세포증식능에 영향을 주지 않으면서 NO의 생성을 억제함을 확인하였다. 청시닥나무 수피부 에탄올 추출물 EtOAc 분획(EFEBA)은 Raw264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 생성된 NO의 분비와 iNOS의 단백질 및 mRNA의 발현을 농도 의존적으로 감소시켰고, 염증 반응 시 생성되는 IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$ 그리고 TNF-${\alpha}$의 mRNA의 발현도 현저히 감소시켰다. 또한 $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$의 degradation을 감소시키고 p65의 인산화를 감소시켜 NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling을 통해 염증작용을 조절함을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.287-297
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• 2024

저이용 임산자원으로 보고된 꾸지뽕 및 돌배를 이용하여 koji, yeast, LAB을 통한 단일 및 복합 발효를 진행하였고, 복합발효를 이용하는 것이 생리활성물질 전환이 뛰어나다는 것을 확인하였다. 이에 폐 및 기관지에 효능이 있다고 밝혀진 더덕 및 도라지와 혼합하여 국균 및 유용미생물을 활용한 복합발효물의 기간별 분석을 진행하였다. pH와 총산도는 발효초기부터 24일 차까지 큰 변화는 보이지 않았고, 반면 °Brix와 고형분 함량은 6일 차에 급격히 감소하는 경향을 확인하였다. Phenolic compound를 분석한 결과로 chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid는 발효초기(각 5.43±0.16 ㎍/mL, 12.30±0.17 ㎍/mL, 6.79±0.19 ㎍/mL, 28.14±0.87 ㎍/mL)부터 18일 차까지(각 29.81±0.30 ㎍/mL, 34.22±0.13 ㎍/mL, 28.86±0.50 ㎍/mL, 45.65±0.26 ㎍/mL) 꾸준히 증가하는 반면, ferulic acid, taxifolin, cinnamic acid, quercetin은 12일 차까지 증가하다가(각 23.22±0.67 ㎍/mL, 11.55±0.26 ㎍/mL, 0.84±0.01 ㎍/mL, 1.63±0.02 ㎍/mL) 18일이 지나면서 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다(각 17.74±0.19 ㎍/mL, 6.80±0.09 ㎍/mL, 0.72±0.01 ㎍/mL, 1.81±0.02 ㎍/mL). Total phenol, total flavonoid 함량 및 항산화활성(DPPH, ABTS)은 발효 초기부터 18일 차까지 꾸준히 증가하다가 24일부터는 비슷한 수준으로 유지되거나 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이는 항산화활성이 높은 성분인 chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid 및 caffeic acid의 함량 변화와 비슷한 경향으로 phenolic compound에 의하는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, NO 생성 억제능을 확인한 결과, 발효초기보다 6일 차 때 NO의 생성이 급격히 억제되는 것을 확인하였고(55.1% to 87.7%), 그 후에는 비슷한 수준을 유지하는 것을 확인하였다. 항염증 관련 단백질 발현 양상 실험에서도 역시 6일 차 이후로 iNOS, COX-2, TNF-𝛼를 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구결과, 꾸지뽕, 돌배, 더덕 및 도라지를 혼합하여 유용미생물(koji, yeast, LAB)을 이용해 복합발효를 했을 시, 12-18일 사이에 항산화 및 항염증 효능이 가장 높은 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해서 저이용 임산자원의 식품소재로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.