• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.697-703
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• 2022

Under the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in immune enhancement is increasing. Although the immune-enhancing activity of plants of the genus Hibiscus has been reported, there is no study on the immune-enhancing activity of H. syriacus. Thus, in this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activity of Hibiscus syriacus leaves (HSL) in mouse macrophages, RAW264.7 cells, and immunosuppressed mice. HSL increased the production of immunostimulatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and activated the phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells. The HSL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors was dependent on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in RAW264.7 cells. In the immunosuppressed mouse model, HSL increased the spleen index, the levels of the cytokines, and the numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Taken together, HSL may be considered to have immune-enhancing activity and be expected to be used as a potential immune-enhancing agent.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.92-92
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• 2022

Under the COVID-19 pandemic, interest in immune enhancement is increasing. Although the immune-enhancing activity of plants of the genus Hibiscus has been reported, there is no study on the immune-enhancing activity of H. syriacus. Thus, in this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activity of Hibiscus syriacus leaves (HSL) in mouse macrophages, RAW264.7 cells, and immunosuppressed mice. HSL increased the production of immunostimulatory factors such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and activated the phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells. The HSL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors was dependent on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in RAW264.7 cells. In the immunosuppressed mouse model, HSL increased the spleen index, the levels of the cytokines, and the numbers of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes. Taken together, HSL may be considered to have immune-enhancing activity and be expected to be used as a potential immune-enhancing agent.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제50권
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• pp.27-33
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• 2023

Zizyphus jujube is a plant in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) that has been the subject of research into antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties of its fruit and seed. However, few studies have investigated its leaves. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of ZJL (an extract of Z. jujube leaf) was evaluated to verify its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent and SARS-CoV-2 medicine, using nitric oxide (NO) assay, RT-PCR, SDSPAGE, Western blotting, and UHPLC/TOFHRMS analysis. We found that ZJL suppresed pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. ZJL acted by inhibiting NF-KB and MAPK signaling pathway activity. We also confirmed that ZJL contains a phenol compound and flavonoids with anti-inflammatory activity such as trehalose, maleate, epigallocatechin, hyperoside, catechin, 3-O-coumaroylquinic acid, rhoifolin, gossypin, kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside, rutin, myricitrin, guaiaverin, quercitrin, quercetin, ursolic acid, and pheophorbide a. These findings suggest that ZJL may have great potential for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs and vaccines via inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2024

Phlorocyclin (PC) and isophorocyclin (IPC) are rare benzofuran derivaitves obtained from the representive dihydrochalcone glucoside, phloridzin (PZ) and are a type of neolignan backbone with a potential anti-glycative agents. However, research related to the enhancement of biological functionallites to inflammation of the newly converted products is very limited. This research was directed with the purpose of discovery more effective anti-inflammatory agents in macrophages of newly radiolysis products PC and IPC. The anti-inflammatory capacities of the characterized products in RAW 264.7 and DH82 macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an inflammation response were examined. The pro-inflammatory factors such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10, without cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated macrophages, were significantly inhibited after treatment with PC and IPC, when compared to PZ. Moreover, PC and IPC decreased the appearance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) proteins in macrophages. The cyclization products modified by radiolysis showed the greatest anti-inflammatory effects in macrophage cells, indicating PC and IPC are a potential candidate for use in anti-inflammatory agents.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2011

등골나물(Eupatorium japonicum)은 식용으로 이용되어온 식물이지만 생리활성에 대한 연구가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구진은 등골나물 에탄올추출물이 쥐 대식세포인 Raw264.7 세포에 LPS로 유도된 염증 반응에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구를 수행하였다. 등골나물 꽃 부분에 70% 에탄올을 가하여 얻은 등골나물 에탄올추출물(EJE)을 Raw264.7 세포에 LPS와 함께 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/L로 처리하여 세포를 배양하였다. LPS에 의해 생성된 NO 및 $PGE_2$ 분비는 EJE를 처리함에 따라 감소하였고 이 결과는 EJE의 독성에 의한 것이 아님이 증명되었다. Raw264.7 세포에 LPS에 의해 생성된 iNOS, COX-2의 단백질과 mRNA의 발현이 EJE의 농도 의존적으로 억제되었으며, 염증 반응시 생성되는 IL-6, IL-${\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$의 mRNA 발현도 등골나물 추출물에 의해 현저히 억제되었다. 더욱이 EJE의 분획물 중 EA와 MC 분획물이 독성이 적으면서 효과적으로 NO의 생성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. NO 생성 억제효과가 뛰어난 이들 분획물 내의 생리활성 물질에 대한 연구가 추가적으로 수행되어야 한다고 사료된다. 등골나물 꽃을 추출물로 항염증효과를 연구한 논문이 없고 다른 식용 가능한 천연재료들의 항염증효과와 비교하여(data not shown) EJE 분획물의 항염증효과가 낮은 농도에서 탁월한 점을 미루어 볼 때, 등골나물 추출물은 상당히 낮은 농도에서 뛰어난 항염증 물질을 가진 단일물질을 포함할 가능성이 높다고 사료된다. 따라서 위의 결과는 등골나물 추출물이 독성과 부작용이 적은 염증 치료제로 활용될 수 있는 가능성이 높음을 제시한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.402-409
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• 2019

생삼을 쪄서 건조시킨 홍삼은 전통적으로 사용되고 있는 약재로서 면역, 내분비 및 중추신경계 작용을 증진시키며 염증을 억제하는 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 그람 양성균의 세포벽 성분인 lipoteichoic acid (LTA)에 의한 염증반응에 홍삼추출액(RGE)이 항염증 효과를 가지는지 관찰하고 그 작용 기전을 연구하였다. BV-2 소교세포에서 RGE는 세포에 독성을 유도하지 않으면서 LTA로 인한 nitric oxide (NO)의 생성과 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 발현을 억제하였으며, NF-kB p65의 핵으로의 이동과 IkB-a의 분해 또한 억제하였다. 한편, RGE는 농도의존적으로 heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)의 발현을 유도하였으며, HO-1 siRNA를 처리했을 때는 RGE가 iNOS의 발현을 억제하지 못하였다. RGE는 HO-1의 발현에 관여하는 전사인자인 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)를 핵으로 이동을 촉진시켰다. 또한 RGE에 의한 HO-1의 발현은 phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI-3K) 및 MAPK 억제제에 의해 감소되었으며, RGE가 Akt와 ERK, p38, JNK의 인산화를 유도하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, RGE는 PI-3K/Akt 및 ERK, p38, JNK 신호전달과정을 통해 HO-1의 발현을 유도함으로써 NO와 같은 염증매개물질의 생성을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러므로 홍삼추출액은 그람 양성균에 의한 신경염증과 염증관련 신경계 질환의 치료제로서 사용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2001

목적 :본 연구는 최근 임상에서 많이 사용하는 자하거 약침액이 과산화수소($H_2O_2$)로 야기된 송과선 세포의 Apoptosis에 있어서 세포 보호에 미치는 영향과 그 기전을 분석하였다. 방법 :송과선 세포주에서 자하거 약침액의 $H_2O_2$로 인한 Apoptosis에 대한 방어 기전을 관찰하기 위하여 면역세포화학법. 세포화학법 및 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)을 시행하였다. 결과 : 자하거 약침액 투여군에서는 nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase의 발현이 $H_2O_2$ 투여군보다 감소하였다. RT-PCR에서는 caspase-3의 발현이 자하거 약침액 투여군에서 $H_2O_2$ 투여군보다 억제되었다. 결론： 이상의 결과를 통하여 자하거 약침액이 $H_2O_2$로 유발된 Apoptosis에서 세포보호 효과가 있으며 그 기전은 iNOS와 caspase-3의 억제에 기인할 가능성을 시사한다고 하겠다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.240-247
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• 2015

Viridicatol (1) has previously been isolated from the extract of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SF-5295. In the course of further biological evaluation of this quinolone alkaloid, anti-inflammatory effect of 1 in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was observed. In this study, our data indicated that 1 suppressed the expression of well-known pro-inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and consequently inhibited the production of iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 also reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$). In the further evaluation of the mechanisms of these anti-inflammatory effects, 1 was shown to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. Compound 1 blocked the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B $(I{\kappa}B)-{\alpha}$ in the cytoplasm, and suppressed the translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 and p50 heterodimer in nucleus. In addition, viridicatol (1) attenuated the DNA-binding activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BV2 cells.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.45-57
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• 2013

Objectives : Daucus carota sativa has been frequently used as food supplements in many of the Asian countries, and a nutritional medical drug in traditional medicine. This research investigated the effects of Daucus carota sativa extract (DCE) on acute phases of inflammation in Raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in terms of the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Methods : NO, $PGE_2$, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6 contents were assayed by ELISA, and expressions of inflammation-related proteins such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were determined by immunoblot analyses. Results : DCE treatment attenuated the LPS ability to increase the productions of NO and $PGE_2$ as well as the protein level of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistently, treatment of the cells with DCE suppressed the production of TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and interleukin-6. DCE also caused decreases of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation induced by LPS in the cells, which means DCE inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ activity. Furthermore, DCE blocked LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and SAPK/JNK. Conclusion : This study showing here may be of help to understand the action mechanism of DCE, and provide the information for the medical use of Daucus carota sativa for the inflammatory disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1664-1674
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• 2016

This research analyzed the effect of ${\beta}$-glucan that is expected to alleviate the production of the inflammatory mediator in macrophagocytes, which are processed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia. The incubated layer was used for a nitric oxide (NO) analysis. The DNA-binding activation of the small unit of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit. In the RAW264.7 cells that were vitalized by Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited both the combatant and rendering phases of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO. ${\beta}$-Glucan increased the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells that were stimulated by E. coli LPS, and the HO-1 activation was inhibited by the tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This shows that the NO production induced by LPS is related to the inhibition effect of ${\beta}$-glucan. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the p38 induced by the LPS were not influenced by the ${\beta}$-glucan, and the inhibitory ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) decomposition was not influenced either. Instead, ${\beta}$-glucan remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) that was induced by the E. coli LPS. Overall, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited the production of NO in macrophagocytes that was vitalized by the E. coli LPS through the HO-1 induction and the STAT1 pathways inhibition in this research. As the host immune response control by ${\beta}$-glucan weakens the progress of the inflammatory disease, ${\beta}$-glucan can be used as an effective immunomodulator.