• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1194-1198
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• 2005

A computer vision system was designed and validated to recognize an individual Holstein cattle by processing images of their body patterns. This system involves image capture, image pre-processing, algorithm processing, and an artificial neural network recognition algorithm. Optimum management of individuals is one of the most important factors in keeping cattle healthy and productive. In this study, an image-processing system was used to recognize individual Holstein cattle by identifying the body-pattern images captured by a charge-coupled device (CCD). A recognition system was developed and applied to acquire images of 49 cattles. The pixel values of the body images were transformed into input data comprising binary signals for the neural network. Images of the 49 cattle were analyzed to learn input layer elements, and ten cattles were used to verify the output layer elements in the neural network by using an individual recognition program. The system proved to be reliable for the individual recognition of cattles in natural light.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1990

An ion-association chromatography was applied for the separation and determination of individual rare earth elements (REE) contained in mineral monazite. Prior to the determination, the group separation of REE was achieved by a cation exchange column of Dowex 5OW-X8 resin. The quantitative recovery of REE by the resin column, free from coexisting elements in monazite, was confirmed with radioactive tracers as well as with ICP-MS. Individual REE at ppm level was separated on reversed-phase column ($\mu$-Bondapak $C_{18}$) using gradient elution from 0.05 to 0.3 M $\alpha$-hydroxyisobutyric acid at pH 4.6. The individual REE was detected at 546 nm following post-column reaction with PAR (4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol monosodium salt).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1972

The contents of the individual lanthanide elements are determined by neutron activation using a new comparator technique, which employs the short-lived radio-isotope of 56Mn as a neutron flux monitor. The total rare earths are separated as a group from the monazite sample before irradiation. After irradiation the rare earths are separated from each other by gradient elution with ammonium alpha-hydroxyisobutyrate using a cation-exchange column. The contents of 14 individual rare earths, from lutetium to lanthanum, are deter-mined.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.89.2-89.2
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• 2015

This research is to study the effects of individual metal elements(C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and Fe) on the standard stellar models. The mixtures of the stellar models have been constructed to analyze the stars, extremely changed in the abundance of these elements. Therefore the mixture are based on the recent observation of stars in globular clusters. And the mass and metallicity grids have been decided in range $0.7{\sim}1.0M_{\odot}$ and 0.0002 ~ 0.007, respectively. The evolutionary tracks and isochrones, as well as the physical changes at each evolutionary phase, have been analyzed. Consequently, we present the mechanisms of the physical changes at each phase, and the quantified effects of the individual elements.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2011

Quantifying the solute composition of a cloud droplet (or a whole droplet) is an important task for understanding formation processes and heating/cooling rates. In this study, a combination of droplet fixation and SR-XRF microprobe analysis was used to visualize and quantify elements in a micro-scale droplet. In this study, we report the preliminary outcome of this experiment. A spherical micro-scale droplet was successfully solidified through exposure to ${\alpha}$-cyano-acrylate vapor without affecting its size or shape. An X-ray microprobe system equipped at the beam line 37XU of Super Photon ring 8 GeV (SPring-8) was applied to visualize and quantify the elemental composition in an individual micro-scale droplet. It was possible to reconstruct 2D elemental maps for the K and Cl contained in a microdroplet that was dispensed from the 10-ppm KCl standard solution. Multi-elemental peaks corresponding to X-ray energy were also successfully resolved. Further experiments to determine quantitative measures of elemental mass in individual droplets and high-resolution X-ray microtomography (i.e., 3D elemental distribution) are planned for the future.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.189-197
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• 2010

An orchestrated attempt was made to analyze samples of bulk and individual particulate matters (PM) collected at the Gosan ground-based station on the west coast of Jeju, Korea. A two-stage filter pack sampler was operated to collect particles in both large (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) and small size fractions (< $1.2\;{\mu}m$) between the Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") storm event and non-Asian dust period. Elemental components in bulk and individual particles were determined by PIXE and synchrotron XRF analysis systems, respectively. To assess the transport pathways of air parcels and to determine the spatial distribution of PM, the backward trajectories of the Meteorological Data Explorer (Center for Global Environmental Research, 2010) and the NOAA's HYSPLIT dispersion-trajectory models were applied. In line with general expectations, Si and other crustal elements in large size particles showed considerably higher mass loading on AD days in comparison with non-AD days. Computation of the crustal enrichment factors [(Z/Si)$_{particle}$/(Z/Si)$_{desert}$ sand] of elements in large size particles (> $1.2\;{\mu}m$) allowed us to estimate the source profile and chemical aging of AD particles as well as to classify the soil-origin elements. On the basis of a single particle analysis, individual AD particles are classified into three distinct groups (neutralized mineral particles, S-rich mineral particles, and imperfectly neutralized particles).

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 2010

This study was intended to identify, among various characteristics of tunnel, the relationship between the design factors comprising the driver's psychological stability, easiness and the sensitivity and then to suggest the mechanism for evaluating the tunnel view, and to that end, the study attempted to evaluate the relations between the physical elements comprising the tunnel shape and the variation of driver's emotional recognition, thereby proposing the measures to create the scenic environment. As a result of LISREL modeling to identify the characteristics of emotional recognition to tunnel view, the elements affecting tunnel view appeared to be emotional image created by the combination of elements comprising the tunnel view. Such emotional image can be explained by design elements and individual characteristics, and the effect of design element appeared to be greater than individual characteristics. The relations between individual characteristics and design element appeared to be positive (+) and the relations between the "safety" and "variability" was significant. And the "safety" have had greater effect on view recognition than "variability", indicating that the drivers tend to give more importance to "safety", but also require the "variability"on the other hand.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.26 no.A
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• pp.29-38
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• 2006

Efficiency and universality which was the spirit of the modern age, had also an enfluence on our living environment. Various types of individual housing unit were developed and mass-produced. However, the exterior space in our city is a place for our social life and intermediate place to connect the private life of each individual to our society. For the people to adapt themselves well to their environment, it should be well organized which means it is clearly divided and integrated in a hierarchical order. To realize these conditions, adequate boundaries to divide each territory and entrances to connect each territory are two essential elements. One of the possible methods to realize these conditions can be found in korean traditional architecture where the exterior space has the same figural quality like buildings and is the center of the whole composition. Buildings, walls and colonnades are the elements to define space. Gates, pavilions, gabs between buildings and posts are the elements to symbolize the entrance connecting each space. Each exterior space is integrated to a whole composition. One is the gradual differentiation along the axis which is unique in korean traditional architecture. The other is the rectangular connection which is also found in the other area in the world. The results of this thesis are as follows. The exterior space in the housing area should have the figural quality. The elements to make boundaries defining exterior space are classified into horizontal elements such as low buildings and walls, and vertical elements such as tower-shape buildings which define space in a different way. The position of openings in a housing block affects the characteristic and openness of a exterior space. Various types of gates are used to decide the relationship between spaces.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.234-243
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• 2012

The wintertime high loading for atmospheric pollutants is certainly expected in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea because of a great-scale reclamation project having construction of 33 km tidal sea dike impounding an area of over 40,000 ha and long-range transport. The goal of this study is to trace the origin of this wintertime burden for ambient particulate matter (hereafter called "PM") in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea. The size-segregated (i.e., cutoff size from 0.01 ${\mu}m$ to 4.7 ${\mu}m$) PM sampling was conducted at a ground-based site of Byunsan Peninsula located in the west coast of Korean Peninsula during the height of dike constructing. Data archived in this study are the mass concentrations of ionic, elemental, and carbonic components in size-fractioned PM. The elemental mass of individual submicrometer particles was also analyzed. The sum of 5-source (i.e., elemental carbon, organic materials, inorganic secondary pollutants, crustal matter, and sea-salts) concentrations shows the bimodal distribution (major and minor peaks formed around $D_p$, 0.65 ${\mu}m$ and $D_p$, 4.7 ${\mu}m$, respectively) by border with 0.19 ${\mu}m$ of cutoff size. The concentrations of EC in $PM_{1.1-0.01}$ in winter and spring times were 4.62 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ and 3.74 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$, respectively. Elemental masses of submicron individual particles are classified into two groups, i.e., the major elements (Cl, Al, Si, S, and P) and the minor trace elements. Cluster analysis differentiated the elements in submicron individual particles into 4-cluster. Among them, three clusters are in agreement with the major (Al, Si, S, and P), minor (Fe, Ca, and K), and trace compositions of coal burning. Meanwhile, Cl classified as an independent cluster has different source profile which was mainly due to the Saemangeum seawall project. Some highly toxic elements (e.g., Cr, Mn, and As (and/or Pb)) were also detected in some part of submicron individual PM. As a consequence, the combination of the Saemangeum project and winter monsoon played a considerable part in the double aggravation of wintertime air pollution in the Byunsan Peninsular.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate design elements to strengthen apartment communities in territoriality perspectives. To this end, the study first identified the functions of territoriality to communities, and examined precedent studies on community planning. Then, looking into actual apartment, the study analyzed design elements of the apartments by territoriality functions, and found significant community-building and community-strengthening elements. The results of case studies are as follows: Specific design elements are 1) both individual and shared places from the perspective of possession, 2) both physical boundaries including visible mark and physical demarcation, and emotional boundaries including space arrangement and visual expansion from the perspective of boundary-regulation, 3) both physical proximity, such as providing space for physical encounter and easy access, and emotional proximity such as homogeneity and intimacy from the perspective of proximity 4) design differentiation and adoption of the design concept to express the identity of the community from the perspective of proximity personalization.