Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

High Loading for Air Pollution in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea by an Interplay of the Saemangeum Project and Winter Monsoon

  • Ma, Chang-Jin (Department of Environmental Science, Fukuoka Women's University) ;
  • Kang, Gong-Unn (Department of Medical Administration, Wonkwang Health Science University) ;
  • Kim, Ki-Hyun (Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University)
  • Received : 2012.04.06
  • Accepted : 2012.09.13
  • Published : 2012.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The wintertime high loading for atmospheric pollutants is certainly expected in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea because of a great-scale reclamation project having construction of 33 km tidal sea dike impounding an area of over 40,000 ha and long-range transport. The goal of this study is to trace the origin of this wintertime burden for ambient particulate matter (hereafter called "PM") in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea. The size-segregated (i.e., cutoff size from 0.01 ${\mu}m$ to 4.7 ${\mu}m$) PM sampling was conducted at a ground-based site of Byunsan Peninsula located in the west coast of Korean Peninsula during the height of dike constructing. Data archived in this study are the mass concentrations of ionic, elemental, and carbonic components in size-fractioned PM. The elemental mass of individual submicrometer particles was also analyzed. The sum of 5-source (i.e., elemental carbon, organic materials, inorganic secondary pollutants, crustal matter, and sea-salts) concentrations shows the bimodal distribution (major and minor peaks formed around $D_p$, 0.65 ${\mu}m$ and $D_p$, 4.7 ${\mu}m$, respectively) by border with 0.19 ${\mu}m$ of cutoff size. The concentrations of EC in $PM_{1.1-0.01}$ in winter and spring times were 4.62 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ and 3.74 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$, respectively. Elemental masses of submicron individual particles are classified into two groups, i.e., the major elements (Cl, Al, Si, S, and P) and the minor trace elements. Cluster analysis differentiated the elements in submicron individual particles into 4-cluster. Among them, three clusters are in agreement with the major (Al, Si, S, and P), minor (Fe, Ca, and K), and trace compositions of coal burning. Meanwhile, Cl classified as an independent cluster has different source profile which was mainly due to the Saemangeum seawall project. Some highly toxic elements (e.g., Cr, Mn, and As (and/or Pb)) were also detected in some part of submicron individual PM. As a consequence, the combination of the Saemangeum project and winter monsoon played a considerable part in the double aggravation of wintertime air pollution in the Byunsan Peninsular.

Keywords

References

  1. Brigden, K., Santillo, D., Stringer, R. (2002) Hazardous emissions from Thai coal-fired power plants: Toxic and potentially toxic elements in fly ashes collected from the Mae Moh and Thai Petrochemical Industry coal-fired power plants in Thailand, Technical Note of Greenpeace Research Laboratories, University of Exeter, UK, pp. 1-20.
  2. Cadle, S.H., Dasch, J.M. (1988) Wintertime concentrations and sink of atmospheric particulate carbon at a rural location in northern Michigan. Atmospheric Environment 22, 1373-1381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90162-X
  3. Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Pritchett, L.C., Pierson, W.R., Frazier, C.A., Purcell, R.G. (1993) The DRI thermal/ optical reflectance carbon analysis system: description, evaluation and applications in US air quality studies. Atmospheric Environmen 27A, 1185-1201.
  4. Chuang, P.Y., Duvall, R.M., Bae, M.S., Jefferson, A., Schauer, J.J., Yang, H., Yu, J.Z., Kim, J. (2003) Observations of elemental carbon and absorption during ACE-Asia and implications for aerosol radiative properties and climate forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research 108, D23, 8634, doi:10.1029/2002JD003254.
  5. Clarke, A., Owens, S., Zhou, J. (2006) An ultrafine seasalt flux from breaking waves: Implications for cloud condensation nuclei in the remote marine atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D06202, doi: 10.1019/2005JD006565.
  6. Gulyas, H., Gercken, G. (1988) Cytotoxicity to alveolar macrophages of airborne particles and waste incinerator fly-ash fractions. Environmental Pollution 51, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(88)90235-7
  7. Hassett, J.J., Banwart, W.L. (1992) Soils and their environment. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, NJ.07632.
  8. Hayakawa, S., Ikuta, N., Suzuki, M., Wakatsuki, M., Hirokawa, T. (2001) Generation of an X-ray microbeam for spectromicroscopy at SPring-8 BL39XU. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 8, 328-330. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049500018446
  9. Ito, K. (2003) Size-resolved optical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols observed in Tango Peninsula during ACE-Asia. Master degree thesis of Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University (in Japanese).
  10. Jajuminbo (2010) The Saemangeum seawall project, http:// jajuminbo.net/sub_read. html?uid=6083§ion=sc18.
  11. Jhun, J.G., Lee, E.J. (2004) A new East Asian winter monsoon index and associated characteristics of the winter monsoon. Journal of Climate 17, 711-726. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0711:ANEAWM>2.0.CO;2
  12. Kim, S.Y. (2000) A study of long-range transport of air pollutants in northeast Asia with isentropic trajectories. Master degree thesis of Seoul National University (in Korean).
  13. Liu, J., Zheng, B., Aposhian, V., Zhou, Y., Chen, M.L., Zhang, A., Waalkes, M.P. (2002) Chronic arsenic poisoning from burning high-arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China. Search Results. Environmental Health Perspectives 110, 119-122.
  14. Ma, C.J., Kim, J.H., Kim, K.H., Tohno, S., Kasahara, M. (2010) Specification of chemical properties of feed coal and bottom ash collected at a coal-fired power plant. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 4(2), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2010.4.2.080
  15. Ma, C.J., Oki, Y., Tohno, S., Kasahara, M. (2004) Assessment of wintertime atmospheric pollutants in an urban area of Kansai, Japan. Atmospheric Environment 38, 2939-2949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.03.028
  16. Mamane, Y., Miller, J.L., Dzubay, T.G. (1986) Characterization of individual fly-ash particles emitted from coal- and oil-fired power plants. Atmospheric Environment 20, 2125-2135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(86)90306-9
  17. McDonnell, W.F., Nishino-Ishikawa, N., Petersen, F.F., Chen, L.H., Abbey, D.E. (2000) Relationships of mortality with the fine and coarse fractions of long-term ambient SPM concentrations in nonsmokers. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 10, 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500095
  18. Molna, A., Meszaros, E., Hansson, H.C., Karlsson, H., Gelencser, A., Kiss, Gy., Krivacsy, Z. (1999) The imortance of organic and elemental carbon in the fine atmospheric aerosol particles. Atmospheric Environment 33, 2745-2750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00359-8
  19. Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R.K., Arnott, W.P. (2009) Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: a review. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 110, 844-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2009.02.035
  20. Murphy, D.M., Anderson, J.R., Quinn, P.K., McInnes, L.M., Brechtelk, F.J., Kreidenweisk, S.M., Middlebrook, A.M., Posfai, M., Thomson, D.S., Buseck, P.R. (1998) Influence of sea-salt on aerosol radiative properties in the Southern Ocean marine boundary layer. Nature 392, 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/32138
  21. Nilsson, E.D., Rannik, U., Swietlicki, E., Leck, C., Aalto, P.P., Zhou, J., Norman, M. (2001) Turbulent aerosol fluxes over the Arctic Ocean 2. Wind-driven sources from the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 32 111-32 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900426
  22. Ohta, S., Okita, T. (1990) A chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols in Sapporo. Atmospheric Environment 24A, 815-822.
  23. Pierce, J., Adams, P. (2006) Global evaluation of CCN formation by direct emission of sea salt and growth of ultrafine sea salt. Journal of Geophysical Research 111, D06203, doi:10.1029/2005JD006186.
  24. Pope, C.A., Hill, R.W., Villegas, G.M. (1999) Particulate air pollution and daily mortality on Utah's Wasatch Front. Environmental Health Perspectives 107, 567- 573. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107567
  25. Querol, X., Fernadez-Turiel, J.L., Lopez-Soler, A. (1995) Trace elements in coal and their behavior during combustion in a large power station. Fuel 74, 331-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)93464-O
  26. Rolph, G.D. (2003) Real-time Environmental Applications and Display system (READY) Website (http://www.arl. noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html). NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD.
  27. Salcedo, D., Dzepina, K., Onasch, T.B., Canagaratna, M.R., Jayne, J.T., Worsnop, D.R., Gaffney, J.S., Marley, N.A., Johnson, K.S., Zuberi, B., Molina, L.T., Molina, M.J., Shutthanandan, V., Xie, Y., Jimenez, J.L. (2005) Characterization of ambient aerosols in Mexico City during the CMA-2003 campaign with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry-Part II: overview of the results at the CENICA supersite and comparison to previous studies. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, 4183-4221. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-4183-2005
  28. Smith, R.D., Campbell, J.A., Nielson, K.K. (1979) Characterization and formation of submicron particles in coalfired plants. Atmospheric Environment 13, 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(79)90189-6
  29. Turpin, B.J., Huntziker, J.J. (1995) Identification of secondary organic aerosol episodes and quantitation of primary and second organic aerosol concentration during SCAQS. Atmospheric Environment 29, 3527-3544. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00276-Q
  30. Turpin, B.J., Sazena, P., Andrews, E. (2000) Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects. Atmospheric Environment 34, 2983-3013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00501-4
  31. Wang, Z., Ueda, H., Huang, M. (2000) A deflation module for use in modeling long-range transport of yellow sand over East Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 26947-26960. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900370
  32. Zappoli, S., Andracchio, A., Fuzzi, S., Facchini, M., Gelencser, A. (1999) Inorganic, organic and macromolecular components of fine aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility. Atmospheric Environment 33, 2733-2743. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00362-8