• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권1A호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2011

콘크리트구조설계기준에서는 일반적으로 처짐을 제어하기 위해 직접처짐제어법과 간접처짐제어법을 제시하고 있다. 이 때 처짐/깊이-비는 허용 처짐량을 초과하지 않도록 제한된다는 점에서 간접처짐제어법이 더 효과적이다. 실제 처짐량은 많은 요소에 의해 영향을 받기 때문에 실제 처짐량을 정확하게 산정하는 것은 어렵다. 이 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 부재의 사용한 계상태에서 처짐량을 직접 계산함으로써 한계 지간/깊이-비를 산정하였다. 이 때 처짐은 재료 모델로부터 산정된 휨곡률을 통해 산정하였다. 해석의 주요 변수는 인장증강효과 모델, 콘크리트 강도, 단면 크기 및 압축 철근의 유무이다. 해석 결과 2차식 형태의 인장증강효과 모델을 사용함으로써 해석의 일관성을 도모할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한계 지간/깊이-비는 단면 크기와 관계없이 재료 강도와 인장 및 압축 철근비에 따라 변화하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2000년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.591-595
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• 2000

In this paper we proposed a new sensorless drive system for the trapezoidal type brushless DC motor which does not use any mechanical position or speed sensor and applicable to the systems requiring a constant speed and torque such as Fan. For this a novel indirect rotor position sensing technique based on a detailed analysis of the terminal voltage characteristics is proposed in this paper. And a sensorless drive system for the brushless DC motor is implemented using a 87c196mc fo the main microprocessor and a power FET for the inverter. The experimental results will show the validity of the proposed indirect sensing method and the practical use of the sensorless drive

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.72-82
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develope experience-education program for elementary students which use environmental resources and learning sources of Jeju island. This study designed developing framework of environmental education program for using local resources and developed experience-education program on the basis of it. Especially this program consisted of direct experience, indirect experience, and local community learning. This program consisted of five activities -'Jeju's water', 'Mecca of wind power', 'Rushing jellyfish', 'Ramsar wetland', and 'Searching the fossil'. Each activity themes was to use environmental resources of Jeju island. And this program had relationship with science, social studies, and ethics in the curriculum. The result of this study will serve to activate environmental education program for using local resources if we solve program's problem through application process.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권11호
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• pp.1555-1561
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• 2018

Tracking and detecting targets by the millimeter wave seeker is affected by movement of platform. Stabilization equipments use an inertial sensor to compensate for disturbance of stabilizing gimbal or platform. In the direct line of sight stabilization system, an inertial sensor is mounted on inner gimbal to compensate the disturbance directly, so the performance is excellent and the implementation method is simple. However gimbal design requires somewhat larger volume. Since an inertial sensor is mounted on gimbal base in the indirect line of sight stabilization system, additional space of gimbal is not required for the gimbal design. However, this method does not directly compensate for the disturbance of the line of sight stabilization axis, which can degrade performance. In order to perform the tracking performance, two methods are analyzed for line of sight stabilization performance based on direct and indirect of a 2-axis gimbaled servo system for millimeter wave seeker in this study. The simulation and experimental results validate the performance comparison of two methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1039-1046
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• 2004

A model Indigenous Thai beef cattle breeding structure consisting of nucleus, multiplier and commercial units was used to evaluate the effect of changes in heritabilities of and genetic correlations between adaptation traits on genetic gain and profitability. A breeding objective that incorporated adaptation was considered. Two scenarios for improving both the production and the adaptation of animals where also compared in terms of their genetic and economic efficiency. A base scenario was modelled where selection is for production traits and adaptation is assumed to be under the forces of natural selection. The second scenario (+Adaptation) included all the information available for base scenario with the addition of indirect measures of adaptation. These measures included tick count (TICK), faecal egg count (FEC) and rectal temperature (RECT). Therefore, the main difference between these scenarios was seen in the records available for use as selection criteria and hence the level of investments. Additional genetic gain and profitability was generated through incorporating indirect measures of adaptation as criteria measured in the breeding program. Unsurprisingly, the results were sensitive to the changes in heritabilities and genetic correlations between adaptation traits. However, there were more changes in the genetic gain and profitability of the breeding program when the genetic correlations of adaptation and its indirect measures were varied than when the correlations between these measures were. The changes in the magnitudes of the genetic gain and profit per cow stresses the importance of using reliable estimates of these traits in any breeding program.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2017

PURPOSES :The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures containing inorganic additive and a high content of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). METHODS : The laboratory tests verified the superior laboratory performance of inorganic additive compared to cement, in cold recycled asphalt mixtures. To investigate the moisture susceptibility of the specimens, tensile strength ratio (TSR) tests were performed. In addition, dynamic modulus test was conducted to evaluate the performance of cold recycled asphalt mixture. RESULTS :It was determined that NaOH solution mixed with $Na_2SiO_3$ in the ratio 75:10 provides optimum performance. Compared to Type B and C counterparts, Type A mixtures consisting of an inorganic additive performed better in the Indirect tensile strength test, tensile strength ratio test, and dynamic modulus test. CONCLUSIONS : The use of inorganic additive enhances the indirect strength and dynamic modulus performance of the asphalt mixture. However, additional experiments are to be conducted to improve the reliability of the result with respect to the effect of inorganic additive.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.201-205
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• 2023

Objective: Resistance exercise is a necessary element to improve quality of life, and measurement and evaluation of muscle strength provide important information for prescription and management of rehabilitation and exercise programs. This study analyzed the correlation between direct and indirect 1RM for isokinetic maximum torque of the knee joint in order to provide useful information in the field of exercise programs. In addition, the flexion-extension ratio and the difference in left-right deviation were verified. Design: A cross-sectional study Methods: The subjects of this study were 33 healthy adult men and women without medical problems who participated in the health exercise class program at S University in Seoul. The correlation between isokinetic maximum torque and direct and indirect 1RM was analyzed, and a dependent t-test was performed to analyze the flexion-extension ratio and left-right deviation. Results: There was a high correlation between the isokinetic maximum torque and direct and indirect 1RM, and no statistically significant difference was shown between the test methods in the analysis of the flexion-extension ratio and left-right deviation. Conclusions: Isokinetic muscle function measuring equipment is expensive, so it is difficult to use it in local exercise rehabilitation and training sites. Through this study, it was found that direct and indirect 1RM isokinetic maximum torque showed a high correlation, and there was no difference in evaluating muscle function such as flexion-extension ratio and left-right deviation. Therefore, it is considered that the muscle function evaluation using 1RM in general field can be usefully utilized.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.2-9
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• 2014

Background: Indirect reduction technique offers a valid option in the treatment of proximal humerus fracture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome and the complication rate after indirect reduction and internal fixation of unstable proximal humeral fractures with use of a locking plate. Methods: Twenty four patients with acute proximal humerus fracture were managed with indirect reduction and internal fixation with a locking plate. The mean follow-up period was 15.5 months. Results: The anatomical reduction of the medial cortex buttress was seen in 16 patients (66%) of the Group A and the non-anatomical reduction was seen in 8 patients (33%) of the Group B. Mean union time was $3.2{\pm}1.9$ months; it was $2.2{\pm}0.6$ months in the Group A and $5.3{\pm}2.2$ months in the Group B (p < 0.05). In our series, there were 6 cases of complications and these include 2 cases of varus malunion, 2 cases of shoulder stiffness, 1 case of heterotrophic ossification, 2 cases of screw perforation and 1 case of impingement. Conclusions: We conclude from our studies that indirect reduction and internal fixation using locking plate for acute proximal humerus fracture can give good results with bony union and predictable good overall functional outcome. If the medial cortex buttress is well maintained, a better anatomical reduction would be achieved, the union would be prompted, the pain would be further reduced and the range of the motion would be recovered more promptly.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2024

Betung bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) is used as a building and handicraft material in Indonesia; however, bamboo needs to be dried to increase its stability. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of drying bamboo using solar energy and different drying oven designs. The betung bamboo pieces were dried using a direct solar dryer (direct drying) and an indirect solar dryer (indirect drying) and then the decrease in levels that occurred based on the relative humidity (RH) and temperature values achieved in the two dryers were compared. The highest average temperature in the direct indirect drying oven compartment was 60.1 ± 13.1℃ with 19.9 ± 16.4% RH and 60.2 ± 11.9℃ with 19.5 ± 15.5% RH, respectively. The drying defect in indirect drying was lower than that in direct drying, and indirect drying had a 61.7% greater average water loss than direct drying with significant difference (95%, analysis of variance) based on water loss/compartment volume parameters. Thus, the solar drying oven can be used to air-dry bamboo (14%) for 7 d from an initial moisture content of 70%-80% in bamboo strips. The results of this research can be used for small-scale bamboo processing industries that have limited use of electrical energy with quite good results.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 1993년도 지하공간 건설기술에 관한 서울 심포지움 논문집
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• pp.163-182
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• 1993

This paper presents a brief but comprehensive discussion of the various advantages and disadvantages of underground facilites with a special emphasis on environmental aspects.