• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.75-80
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• 2005

This study is concerning to identify the hygienic problems occurring in processing, storage, and distribution of Rehmanniae radix crude, and to investigate the possibility of application of safe and hygienic ${\gamma}-irradiation$ techniques. The results are as follows. To compare the contents of catapol, index compound of Rehmanniae Radix crude, between before and after ${\gamma}-irradiated$,0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15,20, and 30 kGy of ${\gamma}-irradiation$ was applied to standard catapol and Rehmanniae radix crude. The contents of catapol in standard material and Rehmanniae radix crude were decreased with the increase of ${\gamma}-irradiation$ level. However, active components of Rehmanniae Radix crude were not changed with ${\gamma}-irradiation$. These results indicate that active components of Rehmanniae Radix crude were preserved after ${\gamma}-irradiation$ and those of Rehmanniae Radix crude did not showed significant change after irradiation of ${\gamma}-ray$ up to 20 kGy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.225-225
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• 2011

The dielectric and optical properties of GaInZnO (GIZO), HfInZnO (HIZO) and InZnO (IZO) thin films on glass by RF magnetron sputtering method were investiged using reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS). The band gap was estimated from the onset values of REELS spectra. The band gaps of GIZO, HIZO and IZO thin films are 3.1 eV, 3.5 eV and 3.0 eV, respectively, Hf and Ga incorporated into IZO results in an increase in the energy band gap of IZO by 0.5 eV and 0.1 eV. The dielectric functions were determined by comparing the effective cross section determined from experimental REELS with a rigorous model calculation based on the dielectric response theory, using available software package, good agreement between the experimental and fitting results gives confidence in the accuracy of the determined dielectric function. The main peak of Energy Loss Function (ELF) obtained from IZO shows at 18.42 eV, which shifted to 19.43 eV and 18.15 eV for GIZO and HIZO respectively, because indicates the corporation of cation Ga and Hf in the composition. The optical properties represented by the dielectric function e, the refractive index n, the extinction coefficient k, and the transmission coefficient, T of HIZO and IZO thin films were determined from a quantitative analysis of REELS. The transmission coefficient was increased to 93% and decreased to 87% in the visible region with the incorporation of Hf and Ga in the IZO compound.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.533-543
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• 2015

This study investigated the chemical composition of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis (Pampan) Hara (ssuk in Korea) essential oil and the quantitative changes of major terpene compounds according to the time of harvest. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation extraction from the aerial parts of ssuk were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil composition of ssuk was characterized by higher contents of mono- and sesqui- terpene compounds. Ninety-nine volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil from ssuk harvested in 2010, with camphor (11.9%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (9.11%), dehydrocarveol (8.51%), and borneol (7.72%) being the most abundant compounds. Eighty-three compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2011, with borneol (12.36%), caryophyllene oxide (12.29%), ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (10.24%), camphor (9.13%), and thujone (8.4%) being the most abundant compounds. Eighty-four compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2012, with ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (20.25%), caryophyllene oxide (14.63%), and thujone (11.55%) being the major compounds. Eighty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oil from the plant harvested in 2013, with thujone (23.11%), alloaromadendrene oxide (12.3%), and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$ (11.48%) being the most abundant compounds. Thujone and aromadendrene oxide contents increased significantly from 2010 to 2013, while camphor and dehydrocarveol contents decreased significantly during those 4 years. The quantitative changes in these 4 compounds according to the time of harvest can served as a quality index for ssuk essential oil. The ecological responses to recent climate changes may be reflected in the chemical components of natural plant essential oils.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1848-1852
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• 2008

Salmonella remains a primary cause of food poisoning worldwide, and massive outbreaks have been witnessed in recent years. Therefore, this study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methyl gallate (MG), which exhibited good antibacterial activity ($MIC=3.9-125{\mu}g/ml$) against all the bacterial strains tested. In a checkerboard dilution test, MG markedly lowered the MICs of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) against Salmonella. The combined activity of CPFX and MG against Salmonella resulted in fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) ranging from 0.0037 to 0.015 and from 0.24 to $7.8{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Meanwhile, the FIC index ranged from 0.31-0.37, indicating a marked synergistic relationship between CPFX and MG against Salmonella. Time-kill assays also showed a decrease in the CFU/ml between the combination and the more active compound. Therefore, this study demonstrated that MG and CPFX can act synergistically in inhibiting Salmonella in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of ginseng leaf as a cosmetic material. In this research, we employed enzymatic treated ginseng leaf by using Ultraflo L to improve the recovery of ginsenosides from the ginseng leaf and studied the biological activities and skin safety of the enzymatic treated ginseng leaf for use as a cosmetic material. The total ginsenoside contents of the non-enzymatic treated ginseng leaf (NEGL) and Ultraflo L treated ginseng leaf (UTGL) were 271 and 406 mg/g, respectively. The level of metabolite ginsenosides (sum of Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, Rh2, and F2) was higher in UTGL (93.1 mg) compared to NEGL (62.4 mg) in one gram ginseng leaf extract. The increase in amounts of ginsenoside types in UTGL compared to NEGL was generally 140% to 157%. UTGL exhibited relatively higher 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate ($IC_{50}$, 2.8 mg/mL) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt ($IC_{50}$, 1.6 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities compared to NEGL (4.8 mg/mL and 2.2 mg/mL). The UTGL group showed normalized hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation and visual wrinkling grade induced-UVB exposure. The UTGL did not induce any adverse reactions such as erythema and edema on intact skin sites; however, some guinea pigs treated with UTGL on abraded skin sites showed very slight erythema. The primary irritation index (PII) score of UTGL was 0.05 and it was classified as a practically non-irritating material (PII, 0 to 0.5). In skin sensitization tests with guinea pigs, UTGL had a positive rate of skin sensitization at 40%, and the mean evaluation score was 0.4.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.28 no.2A
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• pp.70-79
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• 2003

A theoretical presentation of evanescent coupling is offered with respect to the refractive indexes between a side polished optical fiber and an infinitely planar waveguide with a conductor cladding(PWGCC). The PWG is suspended at a constant distance from an unclad fiber core and attached with the perfect conductor(PEC) on one side. The behavior of the distributed coupler is examined using a coupled mode model, which takes account of the two dimensions of the waveguide configuration. The coupling and propagation of light were found to depend on both the relationship between the refractive index values of each structure and the configuration of the side polished fiber used in the PWGCC. The spreading of light in the unconfined direction of the PWGCC is described in terms of a simple geometrical interpretation of the synchromization condition that is in agreement with a previous investigation of the problem based on the coupled-mode theory(CMT). The power of the light propagation in the fiber decreased exponentially along the fiber axis as it was transferred to the PWGCC.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted to test morphine sensitivity of the flexion reflex in the anemic decerebrate cats. Animals were immobilized with gallamine triethiodide(Flxaedil) and were artificially ventilated. The sural nerve was electrically stimulated(20V, 0.5 msec) and the flexion reflex was obtained by recording compound action potentials from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Intravenous injection of morphine $(0.5{\sim}2.0\;mg/kg)$ was found to have following effects on the flexion reflex. 1) Morphine tended to depress the early component of the flexion reflex and the effect was widely variable between animal preparations. 2) Morphine significantly depressed the late component of the flexion reflex, the effect being proportional to the dose of morphine. 3) The morphine effect on the flexion reflex was reversed by a small dose of naloxone hydrochloride$(0.025{\sim}0.1\;mg/kg)$. 4) Naloxone hydrochloride alone did not appear to facilitate the flexion reflex. 5) The main site for the morphine action was found to be the brain stem. From these results and those reported in literatures, we conclude that the late component of the flexion reflex well represents the pain sensation, thus the late component of the flexion reflex can be used as a reasonable subjective index of pain in experimental animals.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1981

Experiments were conducted in ischemic decerebrate cats to study the effects of electroacupuncture and electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve on pain reaction. Flexion reflex was used as an index of pain. The reflex was elicited by stimulating the sural nerve(20 V, 0.5 msec duration) and recorded as a compound action potential from the nerve innervated to the semitendinosus muscle. Electroacupuncture was performed, using a 23-gauge hyperdermic needle, on the tsusanli point in the lateral upper tibia of the ipsilateral hindlimb. The common peroneal nerve was selected as a peripheral nerve which may be associated with electroacupuncture action, as it runs through the tissue portion under the tsusanli point. Both for electroacupuncture and the stimulation of common peroneal nerve a stimulus of 20 V-intensity, 2 msec-duration and 2 Hz-frequency was applied for 60 min. The results are summerized as follows: 1) The electroacupuncture markedly depressed the flexion reflex; this effect was eliminated by systemic application of naloxone $(0.02{\sim}0.12\;mg/kg)$, a specific narcotic antagonist. 2) Similarly, the electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve significantly depressed the flexion reflex, the effect being reversed by naloxone. 3) When most of the afferent nerves excluding sural nerve in the ipsilateral hindlimb were cut, the effect of electroacupuncture on the flexion reflex was not observed. Whereas direct stimulation of the common peroneal nerve at the proximal end from the cut resulted in a significant reduction of the flexion reflex, again the effect was reversible by naloxone application. 4) Transection of the spinal cord at the thoracic 12 did not eliminate the effect of peripheral nerve stimulation on the flexion reflex and its reversal by naloxone, although the effect was significantly less than that in the animal with spinal cord intact. These results suggest that: 1) the analgesic effect of an electroacupuncture is directly mediated by the nervous system and involves morphine-like substances in CNS, 2) the site of analgesic action of electroacupuncture resides mainly in the brainstem and in part in the spinal cord.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.379-387
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• 2009

The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of extrusion on dietary fiber profile and the content of bioactive compounds, rutin and quercetin in young sprout, whole seed, and matured stem of Tartary buckwheat. WSI(water soluble index) is increased by a function of both screw profile and process temperature, compared to control in different parts of Buckwheat. Also, WSI of ME is increased more than 5.2 times in grain, compared to that of control. The effect of precooking by extrusion on the dietary fiber profile of buckwheat flour was evaluated. Precooking by extrusion significantly increased SDF in flour, although in most cases extrusion decrease in TDF a little. The thermo-mechanical treatment undergone by the buckwheat flour during extrusion led to redistribute part IDF fraction to SDF, leading to an increase in the latter. The content of rutin was increased about two fold in extruded flour of sprout, compared to in control. This increase maybe why these compounds are released from cell wall by high shear processing under high temperature.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2016

Pheromone orientation in moths is an exemplar of olfactory sensitivity. To avoid cross mating, the responses of males to pheromone blends must be high specificity and temporal resolution. We tested the effects of olfactory self- and cross-adaptation of pheromone compounds and mixtures in Spodoptera litura moths by electroantennogram (EAG) recordings. The challenge of S. litura antennae to a pulse train of its own pheromone blends of Z9,E11-14:OAc and Z9,E12-14:OAc with 200 ms on/off and 1 s on/off indicated that the repetitive stimulation by 200 ms on/off with high dosages resulted in greater adaptation than that by 1 s on/off with low dosages and the adaptation index of Z9,E11-14:OAc in all treatments is significantly larger than that of Z9,E12-14:OAc, suggesting that high dosages with more frequent stimulation prefer to induce sensory adaptations and a different odor coding exist between the two components in the antennal periphery in this moth. The cross-adaptation EAG test among the two pheromone compounds and Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OH from congeneric species of S. litura showed that each of these compounds adapted the antenna more to that specific compound. The significantly higher adaptation to Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OH than to the pheromone components of S. litura induced by themselves suggested that both of them are coded by specific odor receptor neurons which are different from those tuned to the pheromone components of S. litura . Thus, we proposed that Z7-12:OAc and Z9-14:OH may play an important role in avoidance of heterospecific mating between S. litura and its sympatric moth species.