• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.110-116
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of study was to investigate the effects of combination patterns exercise of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) on unstable surfaces on pain, functional disability, and fear avoidance belief in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: Twenty four patients were assigned to either the experimental group (n=12) or the control group (n=12). Patients in the experimental group performed combination patterns exercise of PNF on unstable surfaces. Patients in the control group performed combination patterns exercise of PNF on stable surfaces. Both exercises were performed for five days per week, for a period of six weeks. Pain was measured by the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). Functional disability was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ). Fear avoidance belief was measured using the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). A paired t-test was used for determination of differences before and after treatment, and an independent t-test was used for determination of differences between treatment groups. Results: In within group comparison, the experimental group showed statistically significant difference for all variables (p<0.05). In comparison between two groups, the experimental group showed relatively greater significant difference for all variables (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on such results, it can be said that combination patterns exercise of PNF on unstable surfaces has an effect on pain, functional disability, and fear avoidance belief in patients with chronic low back pain.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
• /
• v.2 no.7
• /
• pp.945-952
• /
• 2001

In consequence of expansion of internet users, electronic commerce is becoming a new prototype for marketing and sales, arid most of electronic commerce sites or internet shopping malls provide a rich source of information and convenient user interfaces about the organizations customers to maintain their patrons. One of the convenient interfaces for users is service to recommend products. To do this, they must exploit methods to extract and analysis specific patterns from purchasing information, behavior and market basket about customers. The methods are association rules and sequential patterns, which are widely used to extract correlation among products, and in most of on-line electronic commerce sites are executed with users information and purchased history by category-oriented. But these can't represent the diverse correlation among products and also hardly reflect users' buying patterns precisely, since the results are simple set of relations for single purchased pattern. In this paper, we propose an efficient mining technique, which allows for multiple purchased patterns that are category-independent and have relationship among items in the linked structure of single pattern items.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.43 no.3
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2018

Purpose: Although previous studies have performed on-farm evaluations for the control of airborne diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and influenza, disease control during the process of livestock and manure transportation has not been investigated thoroughly. The objective of this study is to predict common patterns of livestock-vehicle movement. Methods: Global positioning system (GPS) data collected during 2012 and 2013 from livestock vehicles on Jeju Island, South Korea, were analyzed. The GPS data included the coordinates of moving vehicles according to the time and date as well as the locations of livestock farms and manure-keeping sites. Data from 2012 were added to Esri software ArcGIS 10.1 and two approaches were adopted for predicting common vehicle-movement patterns, i.e., point-density and Euclidean-distance tools. To compare the predicted patterns with actual patterns for 2013, the same analysis was performed on the actual data. Results: When the manure-keeping sites and livestock farms were the same in both years, the common patterns of 2012 and 2013 were similar; however, differences arose in the patterns when these sites were changed. By using the point-density tool and Euclidean-distance tool, the average similarity between the predicted and actual common patterns for the three vehicles was 80% and 72%, respectively. Conclusions: From this analysis, we can determine common patterns of livestock vehicles using previous year's data. In the future, to obtain more accurate results and to devise a model for predicting patterns of vehicle movement, more dependent and independent variables will be considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.105 no.1
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2016

The objectives of this study were to infer the parameters of forest stand growth functions of STEMS for Cryptomeria japonica stands of Jeju Hannam Experimental Forest, Korea Forest Research Institute, and to investigate the effects of thinning regimes on the patterns of stand growth and carbon absorption. The forest stand growth functions for the potential diameter growth, modifier, crown ratio and mortality are the major ones composing the independent-tree/distance-free forest stand growth simulator, STEMS. The parameters were inferred using the sets of growth data obtained from stem analyses of 39 trees, chosen from 13 sample plots of the forest stands. The effects of thinning regimes on the patterns of stand growth and carbon absorption were investigated by simulating the stand growth patterns of the case study stand with 3 different thinning regimes: no-thinning, early thinning with low intensity and late thinning with high intensity using the simulator. According to the results of the analyses, the different thinning regimes cause significant effects on the growth patterns of average DBH, average height, diameter distribution and stand volume as well as the amount of carbon absorptions.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.3
• /
• pp.63-81
• /
• 1982

The purpose of this study is to relate social behaviors and child-rearing practices to the popularity of preschool children in Korea. Specifically, four major questions were raised and studied First, the relationship between a child's popularity and his/her social behaviors was examined. Second, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. Third, the relationship between a child's popularity and maternal childrearing practices was investigated. Fourth, this relationship was explored as a function of the child's sex. The subjects of this study were 113 middle class preschool aged children and their mothers. Sociometric choices and peer-perceived social behaviors were obtained from these children using Moore's (1973) Sociometric Status Test. Mothers of these children described their childrearing practices in a Q-sort format of Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) developed by Block (1965). The analyses of the data using Kendall's Tau Correlation Coefficient bore the following results: 1. Patterns of social behaviors shown by either popular or unpopular children were distinct; Popular children were friendly and conformative, while unpopular children were aggressive, non-conformative and independent. 2. Patterns of social behaviors in relation to the popularity and the unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; Popular boys tended to be active while popular girls were likely to be unaggressive, independent and not-teasing. Unpopular boys showed a great amount of discipline their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their 3. Certain patterns of maternal child-rearing practices tended to be related to the popularity status of the child; The mothers of popular children as compared to those of unpopular children enjoyed their roles as mothers and didn't use non-punitive punishment. 4. Patterns of maternal child-rearing practices in relation to the child's popularity and unpopularity differed as a function of the child's sex; The mothers of popular boys unlike those of popular girls tended to emphasize on their sons' achievement and perceived that their husbands were greatly involved with their sons. The mothers of unpopular boys appeared to show negative affection toward their sons. The mothers of unpopular girls were likely to displine their daughters by means of non-punitive punishment and to express negative reaction to the sibling rivalry among their children. These mothers tended not to enjoy their roles as mothers and did not believe that their daughters would behave as they should.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.73-81
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to observe the brain activity patterns during visual oddball tasks with two difficulty levels by the analysis of high-density event-related potential (ERP). Along with conventional statistical analysis of averaged ERP waveforms, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the individual, single-trial analysis and verified its effectiveness. We could identify multiple ERP components such as early visual components (P1, N1), and two components which seem to be important task-related components and showed difficulty-dependent variability (P2, P300). The P2 was found around central region at $180{\sim}220ms$, and the P300 was found globally at $300{\sim}500ms$ poststimulus. As the task became difficult, the P2 amplitude increased, and the P300 amplitude decreased. After single-trial ERPs were decomposed into multiple independent components (ICs), several ICs resulting from P2 and P300 sources were identified. These ICs were projected onto scalp electrodes and the projected ICs were statistically compared according to two task difficulties. For most subjects, the results obtained from single-trial/individual analysis using ICA gave the tendencies of amplitude change that are similar to the averaged ERP analysis for most subjects. The temporal pattern and number of ICs corresponding to ${\mu}$ rhythm was not dependent on the task difficulty. It seems that the motor response was not affected by the task difficulty.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.15-30
• /
• 1989

This study deals with the following problems about leisure activity of young people and leisure guidance of mothers, (1) Leisure activity of children by the independent variables, (2) Leisure guidance of mothers by the independent variables. (3) The relation between leisure guidance of mothers and leisure activity of young people. This research used the questionaire survey. The subjects were 830 couples of mother and pupil (pupils of 4, 5 and t grades in six primary school in Kwang-Ju city). The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, t, F-test, X2. The results of this study are summarized as follows; (1) Boys and girls average leisure hours: week days…2 hour, saturday…3 hours, Sunday and holiday…4.5 hours, the school vacation…6.2 hours. And leisure activity showed the significant difference in sex, age, educational level, family form (p 0.001, p 0.05, p 0.010). Generally, they had social & amusing leisure activity. And a hindrance cause of leisure activ ty is due to hard working in learning practice. (2) The necessity of leisure activity showed higher in the aged mother and high educated mother, lower in the poor family. And guidance content showed the significant difference in sex of children(p 0.001), educational level of parents(p 0.05). Actually mothers wanted intellectual leisure activity. (3) The relation between the leisure activity pattern desired by leisure activity of mothers and children pattern showed that mothers demanded the various patterns, but children wanted social & amusing leisure activities mainly. Only children's patterns agreed with mothers in the artistic, intellectual, activities on Saturday and during the vacation. And the relation between mothers satisfaction degree in the leisure activity of children and children's satisfaction degree showed the significant difference (p 0.05). Children's satisfaction degree is high, irrespective of mothers satisfaction degree.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.31-39
• /
• 2010

Although driving patterns strongly influence greenhouse gas and air pollutant emission rate from light duty vehicles, emission measurements have been mainly based on chassis dynamometer testing with one standard driving pattern. And there has been limited work on quantifying the independent effect of driving parameters on emission rate because of multidimensional nature of real-world driving pattern. The objective of this study is to obtain the quantitative effect of relative positive acceleration (RPA) on vehicle emission rate. RPA has been used to define the occurrence of acceleration demanding large amounts of power in certain driving distance and shown to be a significant affecting parameter for real-world emission rate. 40 driving patterns have been developed with fixed driving parameters to investigate independent effect of RPA. For the same values of average vehicle speed and power, the trend in carbon dioxide emission rate and fuel consumption with respect to RPA is very clear. Emission rate of nitrogen oxide and particulate matter also increase with respect to RPA, but the trend is less clear. Carbon dioxide emission from diesel vehicle appear to be more affected by high accelerations compared to that from gasoline vehicle because of high intake air restriction during acceleration caused by turbocharger and intercooler. The results have implications for the possible reduction of environmental effects through better traffic planning and management, driver education and car design.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.124-129
• /
• 2020

This study is for the development of high temperature ALD SiO₂ film process, optimized for gap-fill process in manufacturing memory products, using a space-divided PE-ALD system equipped with an independent control dual plasma system and orbital moving unit. Space divided PE-ALD System has high productivity, and various applications can be applied according to Top Lid Design. But space divided ALD system has a limitation to realize concentric deposition map due to process influence due to disk rotation. In order to solve this problem, we developed an orbit rotation moving unit in which disk and wafer. Also we used Independent dual plasma system to enhance thin film properties. Improve productivity and film density for gap-fill process by having deposition and surface treatment in one cycle. Optimize deposition process for gap-fill patterns with different depths by utilizing our independently controlled dual plasma system to insert N₂and/or He plasma during surface treatment, Provide void-free gap-fill process for high aspect ratio gap-fill patterns (up to 50:1) with convex curvature by adjusting deposition and surface treatment recipe in a cycle.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.399-410
• /
• 2012

This study is to investigate the expenditure patterns that was generated by visitors who attended The Korean Music Wave Festival and analyze economic impact derived from that event. The target is the foreign visitors who attended '2011 Incheon Korean Music Wave'. Total of 407 questionnaires were collected. The collected data were analyzed to produce spending patterns using Tobit models. Also, tourism multipliers were employed to identify the economic impact. This results show that expenditure determinants such as demographic variables and satisfaction as independent variables are significant in estimating visitors' expenditures. Also, In addition economic impact derived from direct spending was substantially over committed cost. Accordingly, this result can contribute to providing basic information for marketing strategy that generates the economic effect on the destination. Moreover, the result can be utilized when establishing the strategy that can maximize the economic impact based on the spending patterns.