• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the meal quality and dietary behaviors of low-income family children by qualitative method. The subjects were 12 children(2 boys and 10 girls) aged 7 to 11, enrolled in an after-school care center in Kimpo, Gyeonggi province. Most of their mothers had jobs(83.3%) and 75% were the beneficiaries of a government assistance program. When compared using body mass index(BMI) percentile, 16.7% of the subjects were classified as being overweight. The food intake patterns and meal qualities were evaluated from dietary records for three non-consecutive days. The mean dietary diversity score(DDS) was 3.8, suggesting at least one food group was deficit. Only 8.3% of the records indicated a satisfactory intake of all five food groups, and fruit was the most deficit food group(58.3%). Also, the proportion of balanced of meals was low, especially breakfast(36%), in that main dish(the source of protein) was not included. The children had problematic eating behaviors, such as an unbalanced diet, eating meals in a hurry, skipping breakfast, and irregular meal times. They answered that they liked to eat simple meals and convenient foods. In conclusion, nutrition education should incorporate strategies to reach families and help with meal planning and management, as well as modifying the eating behaviors of children, in order to improve nutritional status.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-91
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• 2009

In this paper, we attempt to study the trend of regional disparity among Chinese provinces and examine the effects of globalization on the disparities adapting panel data approach. The panel data set utilized consists of the annual variables of 29 provinces during 18 years from 1990 to 2007. The trend of inter-provincial disparities in the 1990s with the expansive trend but the trend has started to decrease since 2000. The results of the China case study show clearly that the provincial international trade level and ratio variables perform on regional income disparities remarkably in all cases. It means that the large development of international trade do with increased among provincial disparity. While due to the large area in the provinces, there exist urban-rural disparities within provinces could be one of the main source of regional disparities. Therefore, along with western regions development policy various development policies against small cities are necessary for balanced regional economic growth in China.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.127-153
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• 2004

In the absence of a male provider the state must decide how far and under what conditions it will provide for the mother and her children. In the case of lone mothers, there are three main possible sources of income: the labour market, the absent father, and the state. However, the relative proportions of these three sources vary significantly from country to country as well as from individual to individual within the group of lone parents. Until very recently the UK has been alone among countries of the EU in allowing lone parents to draw benefits without making themselves available for work so long as they have dependent children. However, in the 1990s, the UK government introduced major changes to his policies regarding lone parents. The UK government attempted to restrict the role of the state as a source of income for lone parent families. At the beginning of the 1990s, the emphasis in the UK was put on securing more money from 'absent fathers' to maintain. However, the policy was unsuccessful and by the mid-1990s attention to the only other possible source of income for lone parent families, the labour market, was stepped up, notwithstanding the ambivalence of politicians about the desirability of women with young children entering employment. From 1998 the Labour government introduced a series of reforms aimed at reducing both worklessness and poverty by raising welfare payments to families both in and out of work, improving financial incentives to work and introducing a more proactive welfare system. The results presented here suggest that these policies have raised the employment rates of lone parents by around 5 percentage points, or 80,000. These employment gains have come from a welfare reform package that does not require lone parents to search for jobs, or uses time limits in welfare programmes. In addition these gains have been achieved despite generous increases in welfare payments for lone parents who do not work. These earnings gains combined with the more generous welfare are making rapid progress in reducing lone parents' poverty.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1105-1147
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• 2013

To investigate farmers' satisfaction level and factors influencing on various agricultural and rural policies, an interview survey has been carried out in Jeonnam and Jeonbuk agricultural area, and collected 750 survey questionnaires from farmers. Satisfaction level was low in average ranging from 2.71 to 3.09 in five point Likert-scale on 22 agricultural-rural related policies. Ordered logit model results showed that satisfaction level decreased when farmers are older, had higher income, and had higher number of attendance in agricultural education programme. In addition, satisfaction level decreased when farms had main source of income from rice farming, dry-field farming, livestock farming, or facility horticulture. Lower satisfaction level was also related to location of farm. On the contrary, satisfaction level increased when the farmer had greater owned land. Among 22 agricultural and rural policies, practices that farmers prefer include Direct Payment for Rice Farming Income Compensation, Environment-Friendly Farming Service, Farmland Banking Services in order. Since direct payment policies that farmers prefer may not contribute in development of agriculture, policies can induce both farm income and agricultural development may increase farmer satisfaction level and finally resolve the income gap between the urban workers and farmers.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.27-57
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• 2013

The projects of agricultural R&D investments have been evaluated largely on the basis of efficiency better than equity although both criteria are equally critical in that major fund source of agricultural R&D investments is public budget. In this study, I focus on equity aspects by identifying the heterogeneous impacts of public knowledge created by R&D on farm efficiencies by farm income levels using bias-corrected DEA and quantile regression with panel data. The findings indicate that entire farms haven't been likely to be benefited evenly from public knowledge stock created by agricultural R&D, in particular high income farms can have enjoyed relatively more benefits of its in terms of efficiency gain. Those can imply agricultural R&D have functioned in the way analogue to digressive subsidies. In addition, the heterogeneous technological needs different among income level farms turns out to be main underlying factors affecting such the skewed benefit distribution of agricultural R&D over different income level farms.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.35-73
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• 2010

This paper examines consumption dynamics in relation to asset prices in Korea. Empirical analysis based on the error correction model shows that personal consumption is affected by changes in asset prices but the consumption converges to the long-run level of consumption corresponding to the total income flow in two years. This adjustment in consumption implies that the consumption error, reflected in the error correction term, should have predictability for the future consumption growth during the adjustment period. It is found that the error correction term has a long-run predictability for consumption over up to about 3 years; thus, confirming the error correction model. It is also found that housing prices have larger effects on consumption compared with stock prices in Korea. In addition, the effects of income and asset prices on consumption show bigger effects during contractionary period than expansionary period in business cycles. This paper also analyzes effects of asset wealth that reflects changes in both price and quantity. It is found that asset wealth has a long-run effect on consumption in addition to total income as determinants of consumption. Since wealth effects usually indicate the long-run effect of changes in asset wealth on consumption that is not explained by labor income, which is the proxy for human source of wealth, it is estimated with labor income used as a control variable. According to the estimation, the marginal propencity to consume out of asset wealth is approximately 2%. It means that 1,000won increase in asset wealth may lead to 20 won increase in consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.410-425
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess the waste management practices, source-reduction programs and related tasks in elementary school foodservice in Seoul. and Kyonggi Province Areas. A questionnaire mailed to 910 school foodservice managers in Seoul and Kyonggi province: a 202% (N=184) response rate was obtained. About 83.7% of school foodservice managers were responsible for managing solid waste. Most foodservice operations take the responsibility of food waste but not packaging wastes. The average disposal cost per month per person was about 19 won and income was about 35 won. Leftovers were mainly disposed with platewaste. Platewaste was reused for the livestook feed(68.0%), and some platewaste was composted(11.6%). Source reduction programs implemented in half of school foodservice operations were adjustment of portion size', checking the plate waste', 'working with classroom teachers on waste reduction campaign', 'providing information leaflet on food waste minimization', posting education materials, 'classroom instruction about food waste minimization', and 'improving cooking method. According to factor analysis based on importance rating. slid waste management activities of elementary school foodservice operations were divided to 7 dimensions such as communication and cooperation with others', 'employee training', 'product quality control, 'yield control', plate waste control', 'purchasing', and 'public relations'. As a result of Important-Performance Analysis(IPA), sine dimensions such as 'communication and cooperation with others' and 'plate waste control were identified in Focus Here' quardrant area which need more enhanced performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1976

To determine patterns of preference for and consumption of milk and milk products in Seoul city, a study was conducted of 724 girls and 587 boys ranging in age from elementary school to collage level, from July to August, 1974. Findings are summarized as follows: In general, milk and milk products were liked by both children and adults. A contrasting low tendency to purchase such products was due to socioeconomics, habitual, and educational factors, as well as a lack of adequate nutritional information, especially with regard to milk. Knowledge of the value of milk as a source of calcium was lacking, especially among boys. The majority of homemakers understood that milk was nutritious, but not specifically as the best source of calcium for their families. Milk, especially in beverage form, was commonly regarded as food for the infant and small child. Grandparents would not drink it. Such a beliefe is similar to that found in under-developed or developing nations. The need for nutrition education must be emphasized. Milk and milk products are expensive foods, particularly for the low income family; but even in higher income levels, consumption was limited. Milk was consumed mostly by the younger family members, less by the older. Among the children, preference, knowledge, and concern with the nutritional value of milk increased with age of subjects. It is presumed that awareness improved with increasing length of school education. Greater frequency of milk intolerance was found with decreasing age of respondents: about 10 percent had some form of milk intolerance. This percentage will be found to be much higher in villages where milk is less familiar. This study indicated that respondents liked ice cream best of all the milk products. For beverage, they preferred cider and cola in summer, coffee and milk in winter. Smaller families consumed more milk than larger families. Household consumption of condensed milk was very low, mostly as coffeemate. Among households interviewed, as many had regular as irregular delivery of dairy milk. Average consumption ranged 0.5 to 1.5 Hop. Engel indices of these families ranged 20 to 60. Use of milk at home was very simple. Not many methods of preparation were found. The milk was used mostly as beverage. In order to improve the nutritional level of Korean children and adults who especially need additional calcium, milk and milk products are recommended as the best source of calcium. Nutrition education of children and their parents should receive greater emphasis.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2009

Purpose: There is increasing necessity of using cord blood cell worldwide. In order to improve the effectiveness of cord blood's usage in Korea, the study of knowledge and attitude regarding cord blood is needed. Method: As descriptive correlation study, data was collected from 212 early postpartum women who stored or donated cord blood from 2007 April to July. Data was analyzed using $X^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. Result: Total score of knowledge and attitude of early postpartum women who donated cord blood was higher than who stored. According to the source of education and the source of influence toward decision of using cord blood, early postpartum women who educated or influenced by mass media showed difference in attitude. Job status and income, and attitude of cord blood were the predictor of cord blood donation. Conclusion: Attitude regard to cord blood affect to usage of cord blood, and the attitude and knowledge of cord blood in early postpartum women who donated it higher than who stored.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore college students' expectations on post-college housing and sources of finance to afford housing costs; and perception of housing cost burden. Between May 28, 2012, and June 17, 2012, a questionnaire survey was conducted to undergraduate students in university-A located in non-capital region and 465 useable responses were collected. Major findings are as follows: (1) About 60% of respondents expected to live apart from their parents or relatives within two years from college graduation; (2) Majority of respondents who expected to live apart from their parents or relatives expected to rent housing units and compact non-traditional housing types such as studio units; (3) Major source of finance the respondents expected to afford post-college housing costs was financial supports from their parents and families; (4) Housing cost burden were perceived to have influence even on job decision and respondents with lower parents' income perceived housing cost burden more influential; and (5) In spite of respondents' low financial independence to afford post-college housing costs, finding housing units in areas with relatively lower housing costs seemed not to be an important consideration when choosing post-college housing.