• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.91-118
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• 2005

This paper examines the impact of the institutional complementarity between welfare regimes and production regimes on income inequality. Using comparative welfare data by various sources for 14 OECD nations from 1980 to 1997, this paper attempts to answer two questions. First, is there a institutional complementary in regulatory process between distribution and production? Second, if it is correct, what kind of causal structure do we predict? Panel Corrected Standard Errors(PCSE) model, a data analysis method in pooled cross-sectional time-series, is employed to examine the interaction effects between the two variables: coordination in the sphere of distribution; coordination in the sphere of production The evidence suggest that there are powerful interaction effects between distributive coordination and production coordination and that the institutional complementary has effects on income inequality. First, the income inequality effect of coordination in the sphere of distribution becomes less positive(more negative) as coordination in the sphere of production increases. Second, the income inequality effect of coordination in the sphere of production becomes less positive(more negative) as coordination in the sphere of distribution increases.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.55
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• pp.181-204
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends of the Korean income packaging, poverty rate, and level of income inequality from 1996 to 2002. In order to do that, this study used the micro-data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO). Major results were as follows: (1) A ratio of public transfer in family income packaging increased at the DJ administration. (2) Poverty rate and Gini coefficient, which were 7.8% and 0.29 in 1996, rose to $8.8{\sim}10.4%$ and $0.30{\sim}0.34$ respectively during the year of 1998-2002. (3) However, poverty reduction effect and income inequality reduction effect of public income transfer increased preferably at the DJ administration. Those effects increased more since the enactment of National Basic Livelihood Security in 2000. Therefore, government should provide more national welfare programs to reduce the poverty rate and to improve better structure of income distribution.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.33-55
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• 2007

The economic world is full of patterns, many of which exert a profound influence over society and business. One of the most contentious is the distribution of wealth. Way back in 1897, an Italian engineer-turned-economist named Vilfredo Pareto discovered a pattern in the distribution of wealth that appears to be every bit as universal as the laws of thermodynamics or chemistry. The present paper proposes some Bayes estimators of shape parameter of Pareto income distribution in censored sampling. Asymmetric LINEX loss function has been considered to study the effects of overestimation and underestimation. For the prior distribution of the parameter involved a number of priors including one and two-parameter exponential, truncated Erlang and doubly truncated gamma have been contemplated to express the belief of the experimenter s/he has regarding the parameter. The estimators thus obtained have been compared theoretically and empirically with the corresponding estimators under squared error loss function, some of which were reported by Bhattacharya et al. (1999).

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.151-167
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• 2014

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between globalization and income distribution in Korea. In order to identify the key determinants, the study investigates the effects of trade openness, inward and outward FDI flows, and per capita GDP on income distribution. The study uses methodology of unit root and co-integration technique as well as an error correction model over 1992 to 2011 by using annual data. The empirical findings showed that income inequality is reduced as trade openness and the per capita GDP increase. Meanwhile, income inequality is deteriorated as inward and outward FDI flows increased. In addition, the study revealed that the negative effect of inward FDI flows on income inequality is greater than that of outward FDI flows. This result supports the Feenstra and Hanson (1997) hypothesis. Overall the globalization process can be beneficial for the Korean economy, but its nature should be closely monitored regarding income distribution.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.478-488
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• 2021

This study analyzes the change in the contribution of the elderly to income inequality by using the Gini coefficient and the decile distribution ratio from the data of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey from 2007 to 2018 on economic inequality in old age. According to the study, the Gini coefficient of total income gradually decreased from 0.430 in 2007 to 0.383 in 2018. As a result, inequality decreased. Also, the higher the income quintile, the higher the income growth rate. Market income inequality has increased and inequality between public and private transfer income has decreased. Analysis of the contribution of income inequality to total income confirmed that public transfer income has replaced the role of private transfer income in reducing inequality over time. The expansion of public transfer income for the maintenance of basic living of the elderly is an important source of income for the elderly despite the crowding-out effect of private transfer income, market income, public and private transfer income, which are components of the income structure of the elderly, mutually complement total income. Therefore, it is important to identify income sources that contribute to alleviating income inequality among the elderly and reflect them in policy-making process.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.635-641
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• 2021

This article analyzes the factors affecting income inequality in Vietnam, with data from 63 provinces and cities collected from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2010 to 2018. The article will firstly build a research model to identify factors affecting income inequality. Then, it uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to evaluate the effect of factors on income inequality in Vietnam. The empirical estimate result shows that, in the period from 2010 to 2018, the factors such as the proportion of the working employees, income per capita, and inflation have positive effects on the Gini coefficient. That is, when these factors increase, there will be negative effects on improving income inequality in Vietnam. Conversely, when the factors such as the proportion of the literate adults, the proportion of the urban population, and population density increase they will have a positive impact on improving income inequality in Vietnam during this period. The estimated coefficients satisfied the sign expectation except the proportion of the literate adults. It means that, in Vietnam, the increase and more equilibrium in educational attainment balance the distribution of income and bring an improvement in income inequality.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2014

This study examines trends in the overall income inequality of fishery household from 2003 to 2012 with the panel data of the Fishery Household Economy Survey. To investigate the potential determinants of income inequality, we decomposes the Gini coefficients into five income sources, fishery income, non-fishery income(non-fishery business income, non-business income), transfer income, irregular income and calculate the impact of each income sources on total income inequality. An evident trend toward increasing inequality of household income was found. Also, we find rising fishery income and non-fishery income play important role in the rapid increase of income inequality. Only transfer income appear to reduce total income inequality.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.43-77
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• 2012

This paper investigates how individual labor income is determined by initial conditions - such as educational attainment, age, and sex - and all the other conditions. Using KLIPS (Korea Labor & Income Panel Study) database, the paper finds, first, that over the period of 1998-2008, cross-sectional income distribution has deteriorated for the whole sample but not within each age group. Second, income mobility defined by the relative importance of initial conditions in individual income disparities has moderately increased in most age groups.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.19-29
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• 2021

This study aims to measure financial inclusion and examine its impact on income inequality in a panel of 18 Asian countries over the period 1997-2017. Two alternative approaches for developing financial inclusion index are used: one approach following the methodology of Sarma (2008), while the other is the Dynamic Factor Model (DFM)-based index. The impact of individual indicators and index of financial inclusion on inequality in income is analyzed. The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) approach is used for empirical analysis. The results indicate that micro-level financial inclusion has a weak negative and statistically significant impact on income inequality. Macro-level index and all individual indicators of financial inclusion do not affect income inequality in the selected sample of economies. The income inequality issues have different natures and cannot be fixed by financial inclusion only. It needs holistic structural reforms to enable fair distribution of income and make an equitable financial system. Financial inclusion is a relatively less important intervention tool regarding fixing the issue of income inequality. This is one of the first studies that used the DFM method for financial inclusion indices construction.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.20-44
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• 2004

The National Health Insurance Expenditure has been increased rapidly since the introduction of the separation of prescription and dispensing in 2000, and this trend of rapid growth in overall spendings rate has been observed predominantly among medical practitioners. This study was conducted to investigate the growth rate and distributional changes in private medical practitioners' expenses from 1999 to 2002 and its determinants using the National Health Insurance claims data. The total increasing rate of all medical practitioners' expenditure paid by the National Health Insurance between 1999 and 2002 was $41.71\%$, which exceeding that of general hospitals by $20\%$p. But the income distribution among each practitioner was improved as the changes in Gini coefficient(from 0.40 to 0.38) and decile distribution ratio(from 0.25 to 0.29) during the same period showed. However, this improvement in distributional patterns is not enough since even in 2002 it turned out that the highest $10\%$ income group earned 33times more than the lowest $10\%$ income group did. Also, higher Gini coefficient was observed in larger cities and some department like plastic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology. The major causes of this differentials in medical practitioners' expenses were factors related to medical demand like proportion of old population, residential economic status in a given area. In addition, providers' economic incentives also played an important role in determining their income distribution. The large income differentials among physicians may imply a skewed distribution of patients and thus long waiting time, inefficient utilization of resources and potential inadequate quality of care. In this sense, unreasonable distributional gaps should be reduced, so effective measures as well as ongoing monitoring would be necessary to correct current distributional problems.