• 제목/요약/키워드: income class

검색결과 412건 처리시간 0.033초

기초연금 수급이 고령자의 주관적 삶의 질에 미치는 영향 (The Study on the Effect of Basic Pension on Subjective Well-being of the Elderly)

  • 김혜연
    • 한국노년학
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    • 제40권1호
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    • pp.1-21
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    • 2020
  • 본 연구는 기초연금 수급이 고령자의 주관적 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는지 살펴봄으로써 대표적인 노후소득보장제도인 기초연금제도의 효과성을 탐색하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 연구방법은 독립변수의 관측되지 않는 이질성(unobserved heterogeneity)을 통제하기 위해 패널 자료를 이용한 고정효과 모형을 사용하였으며, 분석 자료로는 2008년부터 2016년까지의 고령화연구패널자료(KLoSA)를 활용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기초연금 비수급자의 삶의 질이 수급자보다 크게 높은 수준이었다. 둘째, 인구사회학적 변인들을 통제하였을 때 기초연금 수급자가 비수급자에 비해 주관적 삶의 질을 높게 인식하고 있었다. 셋째, 기초연금 수급자의 주관적 삶의 질은 경제적 만족도, 배우자 유무, 자녀의 경제적 지원, 주관적 건강상태, 일상생활활동의 제한, 성별이 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 성별, 소득계층별 분석 결과 기초연금이 주관적 삶의 질에 미치는 영향은 성별로는 차이가 없었고, 소득 상위 분위에서만 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상과 같은 연구결과에 근거하여 다음과 같이 제언하였다. 우선, 기초연금제도 비수급자의 경우 경제적 상태 뿐 아니라 건강을 포함한 전반적인 삶의 질이 열악한 것으로 나타나, 기초연금 수급자로 대표되는 저소득 취약계층 노인들에 대한 다양한 측면의 사회적 지원이 필요하다. 두 번째로 기초연금은 낮은 급여수준에도 불구하고 고령자의 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 빈곤문제 해소와 궁극적으로 노후의 삶의 질 향상을 위한 기초연금제도 확대가 필요하다. 마지막으로 핵심 정책대상인 저소득계층에게 실질적인 효과가 미칠 수 있도록 기초연금제도의 급여수준 인상이 필요함을 제언하였다.

관공호텔 조리직무의 분업과 통합에 따른 문제점과 개선방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on Effective Management & Administration System for Deluxe Hotel Kitchen in Seoul Area.)

  • 라영선
    • 한국조리학회지
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.57-89
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    • 1995
  • Despite prologed business stagnation of both international and domestic economy, hotel business as well as tourist industry has continuously been keeping growing, owing to increase of surplus income and world flowing population. During recent 4 years, growth rate of yearly mean in domestic hotels reached 9.9% and especially that of the superior class hotels 15.2%. In the composition of domestic tourist hotel's revenue, the earnings of guest rooms form 37.4%, on the other hand those of food & beverage 39.9%. This result is that our hotel business is concentrated on its interest in FOOD & BEVERAGE of which productivity per unit dimension can be increased to an unlimited extent and extent and superior class hotels strengthened in F&B are increasing in comparison with European or American hotels which are focused on guest rooms in their management. For value added rate of F&B is low as compared with increase of their earnings, they are interested in the management techniques which focus on rising the rate. As for the cost of Food & Beverage, personnel expenditure forms 36.5% and the direct materials 31.5%. Therefore how to manage personnel and materials costs which compose as much as 68% of total revenue will greatly affect net profit. We can say that an effective management technique in cost of Food & Beverage is one of the most important know-hows in hotel management. Especially management know-how for the Kitchen Department where the most of foods come out makes a great effects on various expenses, productivity and it is the achievement from hotel management. For the most of the hotel's top managers, they don't seriously take the fact that KITCHEN SYSTEM affects greatly total expenditure. This study starts from the point of recognizing the question of fundamental cause affecting tow largest cost elements incurred in Food & Beverage and trying to present an effective kitchen system. To settle the questions raised, I compared and analyzed productivity and cost of food & beverage and unit kitchen centered around superior class hotels in Seoul, which vary in Kitchen Systems. In order to attain the aforementioned study effectively purpose of this study, I compared Room-Service and Coffee-Shop Menu, flow of basic food in the kitchen, extent and result of division of labor and integration in the kitchen, scale of outlet kitchen, productivity, the turnover rate of food in store, food cost rate one another which all vary in Kitchen Systems. All these elements are compared and analyzed each other being divided into two main groups such as①. Main Production kitchen and Banquet Kitchen, and ②. coffee-shop kitchen and Room-service Kitchen. Therefore this study is to point out the problems in managing kitchens of superior class hotels which are different in systems. An effort was made to find out the better Kitchen System for superior deluxe hotels. I emphasize the followings on the proper scale of division of labor and integration of unit kitchen and a disposition plan for outlet kitchens of restaurant. First, KITCHEN SYSTEM as a sub-system of Hotel Management System is composed of sub-systems of outlet unit kitchen. Basic food materials are cooked and served for the guests while support kitchen and out restaurant kitchen interact organically each other. So Kitchen should be considered as a system composed of integrated sub-systems. Second, support and banquet kitchens should be integrated to be managed. And these unit kitchens have to be designed to be placed in the back of banquet rooms area. Third, coffee-shop kitchen and room-service kitchen should be integrated to be managed. Fourth, several unit business kitchens should be place on the same floor. Fifth, main production kitchens ought to be located near the loading duck, food store and large refrigerator. Sixth, considering the limits of supervision, duties should be adjusted as 12-20 cooks in two shifts a day for a sub-kitchen, and 18-30 cooks in three shifts a day so that labor division can be made. Last, I would like to two points for direction and task of future study. Firstly, I compare the effective income and increasing costs each other, which are incurred by increasing the use rate of the second processing materials for foods perched outside and through the results. I can find out the better points of the processing production and circulation system, and then I study this effects made on hotel kitchen system. Secondly, I can point out that more efficient kitchen system shall be established through comparing and analyzing the matter of amount of indirect costs and flow of food in different kitchen systems.

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大邱의 貧民地域 形成過程과 空間分布의 特性 (Process and Spatial Distribution of Squatter Settlement in Taegu)

  • 배숙희
    • 대한지리학회지
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    • 제31권3호
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    • pp.577-592
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    • 1996
  • 우리나라 대도시 어디에서나 볼 수 있는 빈민지역이 어떻게 형성되었으며 도시내에서 어떻게 공간이동을 하였는가를 알기 위하여 대구를 사례로하여 고찰하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 대구의 빈민형성은 해방 및 6.25 동란을 겪으면서 그 수가 증대되어 1차적으로 도심가까이에 빈민지역을 형성하였고 그 후 도시와의 진전에 따라 도시주변지역의 무단점거에 의한 2차적 빈민지역이 형성되었다. 2) 최근에서 도시재개발사업에 환경이 개선되어 일반거주지역으로 전환되었거나 혹은 대규모 아파트단지가 건립되어 저소득층은 그 곳에 거주하지 못하고 도시근교의 영구 및 임대아파트 단지내에 대규모로 집단화하여 거주지의 수평적 이동이 이루어지게 되었다.

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대중국 마케팅을 위한 중국 직장여성들의 한국 의류상품 구매집단과 비구매집단의 의복구매행동 비교연구 (A Study on Clothing Purchase Behavior of Chinese Women Based on Experience in Purchasing Korean Clothing for Establishment of Marketing Strategies for China)

  • 박혜원;장춘희
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제29권3_4호
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    • pp.547-560
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to segment Chinese career women by experience in purchasing Korean clothing and to analyze and compare clothing purchasing behavior between the 2 groups and to provide useful information to Korean manufacturers for establishment of marketing strategies for China. The subjects were 602 career women of middle and high class In their 20's and 30's. A total of 602 questionnaires were analyzed by using frequency, mean, Cronbach's $\alpha$, factor analysis, t-test and $X^2$-analysis. The results were as follows: 1. The demographic variables such as an age, residential city, marriage, and total monthly income were proven to be significantly different between the 2 groups except an academic background. 2. The clothing purchase behavior variables such as purchasing motive, using informants, clothing selection standards, store selection standards, purchasing place, satisfaction after purchasing clothes, shopping time, average monthly expenditure on clothing, purchasing frequency of casual wear, purchasing price, and paying method were proven to be significantly different between the 2 groups. However, the clothing purchase behavior variables such as purchasing frequency of formal wear and purchasing price of fur coat and sweater were proven not to be significantly different between the 2 groups.

한국인의 생활욕구도 및 소비생활수준측정에 관한 연구 (A Study of the Measurement of the Level of Need of Living and of the Levl of Consumer's Life)

  • 노영남
    • 대한가정학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.89-104
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    • 1990
  • This study was a succession of the paper of Reference 1), and was an attempt to quantify the Level of Need of Living through the relation bet ween Ds(Degree of Sufficietncy) and Di(Degree of Importance). The relation formula was: Level of Need of Living=Di×(5-Ds)+Di×lrl. From the caculated values, some indicators of highest and lowest Level of Need of Living could be cleared and by them the Level of Consumers' Life and Conciousness could be presumed. The main results are as follows. 1. The Level of Need of Living that the indicators of the equity of income allocations, social mobility, judicial equality, and residential amenity showed was the highest, and that of the life of planned expenditure, the development of transportation, the longevity, an the high level of education was the lowest. 2. The rural residents showed the highest Level of Need on the indicators of medical care, culture and basic living expenditures. 3. The higher the perception of social class and the satisfaction of living was, the lower the Level of Need Living was. 4. In general, it was presumed that the Level of Consumer's Life was in the term of sufficiency of the second need, which durable electric consume products were purchased under the intended conciousness of consumers to be as like as others.

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대학생의 사회 인구학적 특성에 따른 스포츠 참여도 분석 (Analysis on Socioeconomic Characteristics of Collegiate' Sport Participation)

  • 신좌중
    • 한국콘텐츠학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국콘텐츠학회 2006년도 추계 종합학술대회 논문집
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    • pp.120-123
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    • 2006
  • 본 연구는 대학생의 사회인구학적 특성에 따른 스포츠 참여도를 분석에 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대전광역시 소재의 대학교에 재학중인 남녀 학생 400명을 표집하였다. 조사도구로 성, 소속대학, 가계소득수준, 주관적 사회계층, 참여빈도 문항으로 구성된 설문지를 배부, 회수하여 무응답 문항이 많거나 불성실하다고 판단되는 11부를 제외한 389의 설문지를 토대로 SPSS 12.0을 이용, $X^2$ 검증을 실시하였다. 이상의 연구방법과 절차를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 도출시켰다. 첫째, 성에 따라 스포츠 참여도는 차이가 있다. 둘째, 소속대학에 따라 스포츠 참여도는 차이가 있다. 셋째, 가계 소득수준에 따라 스포츠 참여도는 차이가 없다. 넷째, 주관적 사회계층에 따라 스포츠 참여도는 차이가 없다.

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심방세동 환자의 증상경험 및 삶의 질간의 관계 (Relationships between Symptom Experience and Quality of Life in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation)

  • 백경화;손연정
    • 기본간호학회지
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    • 제15권4호
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    • pp.485-494
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    • 2008
  • Purpose: In this study, relationships between symptom experience and quality of life in a cross-sectional sample of patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) were investigated. Methods: This descriptive study involved a convenience sample of AF patients from S university hospital, C city. One hundred and two AF patients completed psychometric validated measures of AF related symptoms and quality of life. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS WIN 14.0 were used for data analysis. Results: Of 16 atrial arrhythmia-related symptoms, the patients reported 'tiredness' as the most frequent and 'shortness of breath' as the most severe. The level of overall quality of life for patients with AF was 53.92. There were significant differences in symptom frequency according to religion, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and left ventricular ejection fraction ; symptom severity according to monthly income and stroke ; quality of life according to age, job, alcohol intake, NYHA class and stroke. Quality of life for these patients was positively correlated with symptom frequency and symptom severity. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that patients with more frequent and severe symptoms perceive poorer quality of life than patients with less frequent and less severe symptoms. Symptom experience should be assessed early to improve quality of life for patients.

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중국(中國) 남성(男性) 소비자(消費者)의 한국산(韓國産) 의류(衣類)패션 제품(製品)에 관(關)한 인지(認知)와 만족도(滿足度) 연구(硏究) (A Study on Chinese Men's Awareness and Satisfaction on Korean Apparel Products)

  • 손희순;임순;신상무;이준호
    • 패션비즈니스
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.97-106
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    • 2003
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese men's perception and satisfaction on Korean apparel products. The 1000 Questionnaires were distributed to Chinese men, and returned 863 questionnaires were analyzed by mean and percentage with SPSS 10.0. The results of this study were as follows: Chinese men had more perception on their own brand and Italy brand than UK, Korean, and Japan brand. Over age fifties of Chinese men preferred Korean brand to the other ages. Chinese men perceived positively Korean fashion products as more trendy, very creative, high-class, qualitative, expensive and creditable, otherwise, there were little famous brands among Koran apparel products. Chinese men satisfied on Korean apparel products positively, specially, age forties and fifties, resident from Harbin, income 2 and 3 level, and young casual mild group showed higher satisfaction on Korean apparel products than the others.

위계선형모형을 이용한 개인의 정보화 격차 결정요인 (Determinants of the Digital Divide using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model)

  • 김미영;최영찬
    • 농촌계획
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.63-73
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of the digital divide at individual level and regional level in Korea, considering interaction between individual and the regional variables. Following results are obtained. First, individual level digital devide in the 16 different regions has been found in terms of Internet use, implying the needs for further analysis on impact of the regional factor in individual Internet use. Second, the result finds the impact of level-l individual variables, "gender, age, education, income and jobs" on digital divide, significantly at level 10% level. Third, the regional variables influencing the individual digital divide were not found at state level. However, regional factors might affect digital devide at county level. Study suggest some plans to reduce digital divide. First, the digital devide at individual level should be remedied by focusing on neglected class of people. Second, we need to approach the digital divide by analyzing in more detail, reflecting interactions of the regional variables and individual variables. Third, we should come up with a policy for mending the digital divide at regional level.

에너지절약태도 및 관련 행동과 전기에너지소비의 영향요인 분석 (The Analysis of Determining Factors Influencing for Energy-saving Attitudes and Behaviors Related and Electric Energy Consumption)

  • 허경옥
    • 가족자원경영과 정책
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    • 제14권3호
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    • pp.53-68
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    • 2010
  • This study tried to develop the theoretical backgrounds, explaining consumers energy consumption behavior and analyzed its effects. In other words, this study investigated the factors influencing the amount of electronic energy consumption. In this study, we used 678 questionnaires which were selected a quota sampling by living area who were above 20 years old and married. Summary of results of this study follows. First, attitude for energy saving was positively related with female, high school graduated large size of family members, elderly, and middle-class consumers. In addition, consumers' search for energy saving were appeared passively in young consumers under 30 years old, and the family with the highest household income. Consumers' purchasing energy-efficient products was presented in large size of family members, and young consumers. Second, consumers' environmental oriented behavior, action-directed behavior, healthseeking behavior were significantly related with energy saving behavior, and active information search for energy saving, but not with purchasing energy-efficient products and consuming behavior of electrical energy. Third, the quantity of electric energy consumption was affected by the size of family members, the living size of house related with high energy demand, the attitude for energy saving, and searching information for energy-saving.

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