• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2002

This study compared the financial status between the employed-elderly households and the unemployed-elderly households, focused on income adequacy, expenditure adequacy and net wealth adequacy. Using data from 1997 KHPS, the lower financial status of the unemployed elderly households were found. Nine measures of financial status were used : income, per capita income, income-to-needs ratio, expenditure, per capita expenditure, expenditure-to-needs ratio, net wealth, net wealth-to-income ratio and net wealth- to-expenditure ratio. The results of this study showed that unemployed elderly households had 68%~77% of income adequacy and 72%~83% of expenditure adequacy for employed elderly households. Holding for gender, age, education, earners in the household, living area and home ownership constant, although the gap was getting smaller, significant differences between the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households were persisted. The result of this study indicated that the unemployed-elderly households and the employed-elderly households can not be regarded ac homogeneous group when public policies are developed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of expenditure adequacy of eldery households. Data for this study were collected from 2002 House Income and Expenditure Survey of Korea National Statistical Office, which is consisting of a sample of 918 eldery households. Expenditure adequacy was investigated by the Spending to Income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. The results showed that 48% of households spent more than 100% of their taken-home income or less than the minimum standard of living. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the determinants of expenditure adequacy. Gender, age, education, job status, family size, and level of income were significant determinants of spending to income ratio and Expenditure to Minimum standard of living ratio. Family size had negative effect on expenditure adequacy, householder's job status and the level of income had positive relationship with it.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.71-84
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among selected socioeconomic variables(age, household income, education duration; perceived income adequacy, gap between living standards and level), financial management and financial satisfaction. The sample size is 298 interviewee, and the unit of analysis is household in Seoul. Results of the study indicate that perceived income adequacy is significantly related to financial management. And perceived income adequacy, household income, gap between living standards and level, and age are significantly related to financial satisfaction. Although perceived income has an indirect effect on financial through financial management, but indirect effect is too small, financial management is not examined as intervening variable.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.13-28
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• 2015

Using the most recent dataset of Korea and U.S. household finance, this study analyzed demand and adequacy of private pensions for pre-retirees. For this purpose, 2013 Korean Retirement and Income Study (KReIS) of national pension research institute in Korea and 2013 SCF (Survey of Consumer Finances) of FRB in U.S. were used. For comprehensive comparisons of the two countries, this study classified the private pension into sub-categories such as personal pension, corporate pension, and retirement benefits, and used three different criteria including ownership, accumulated present value of each pension, and income replacement ratio of each pension. After controlling for other factors, educational level of householder and household income were critical determinants of size and adequacy of private pension in both countries. Different from Korean households, householders' gender, marital status, and health status had an important effect on the private pension size and adequacy in the U.S. In addition, home ownership significantly increased only private pension adequacy in Korea, and also increased ownership rate, size, and adequacy of private pension in the U.S. Results of this study provide useful implications for future pension system and policy in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.73-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to explore the influences of family resources, i.e. objective resources, perceived adequacy of resources, locus of control, social support, family cohesion, and family adaptability on caregiving stress for dementia elderly in homemakers. The subjects of this study were 141 married women who had cared for dementia elderly. The survey method was a questionnaire. And the data was analyzed by means of Cronbach's, factor analysis, and multiple regression. The main findings were as follows： First, Homemakers' caregiving stress was positively correlated to their academic background and monthly income, but negatively correlated to perceived adequacy of human resources, perceived adequacy of material resource, psychical support resource from relatives, and internal locus of control. Second, caregiving stress of homemakers was affected by family cohesion, monthly income, psychical support resource from relatives, perceived adequacy of human resources, and external locus of control.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to estimate objective retirement wealth adequacy and subjective retirement wealth, and to compare two of them. Also the factors relating to those wealth readiness were investigated. The data used was 422 pre-retiree who were married and under 65 years old and SPSS 20 was used for the analyses. The results showed that objective reirement wealth readiness was 37.6% and subjective retirement wealth adequacy was 40.9%. Almost half of the sample (44.8%) were indicated to have no objective retirement wealth, but only 5.9% was answered to have no retirement wealth. Both subjective and objective retirement wealth adequacies tended to increase with older age, higher income and lower average propensity to consume groups. The difference between objective and subjective retirement wealth adequacies was smaller with getting older. According to multi-variable analyses, two factors were found to affect on both the subjective and objective retirement wealth adequacies, which were income and retirement asset. The respondents were found to be not able to estimate their own retirement wealth adequacy objectively. The correlation between the subjective and objective retirement wealth adequacies was 0.344. Among the respondents, 74.4% answered bigger number on subjective retirement wealth than their objective retirement wealth.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Playing an important role in developing the economy and overall developments of the country, commercial banks have to be aware of their crucial presence in order to perform well and contribute significantly. At the same time, as a place to receive deposits, banks are required to be in safe situations to avoid bankruptcy or deal with financial crises. This research seeks to identify the determinants of Capital Adequacy Ratio and Banks' performance as well as the relationship between these two dependent variables. The paper uses 128 observations of 16 Vietnamese commercial banks during the period from 2010 to 2017, with two simultaneous dependent variables CAR and ROE, and independent variables including Return on Assets, Tobin Q, Credit growth, GDP growth, Equity to Deposits, Loans to Deposits, Bank size, Cost to Income, Liquidity risk, Provision for Loan loss ratio, Non-performing loans and Inflation. The results reveal that Capital Adequacy Ratio and Banks' Performance have statistically significant relationship and Credit growth, GDP growth, Equity-to-Deposit ratio and Cost-to-Income ratio all have significant effects on two dependent variables. The findings of this study suggest that commercial banks should control the respective elements in order to maintain adequate level of capital and also create effective performance.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find the differences of financial structures of real estate and the factors influencing on it between two groups of subjective financial adequacy and non-adequacy for later years among middle & old aged households. The data were drawn from KREIS(Korean Retirement and Income Study) surveyed by National Pension Research Institute in 2007, and 3,889 couple households with householder's age over 50 were selected. Major findings were as following. First, only 19.3% of households answered that they had enough money for later years. And they had lower real estate-to-total assets ratio (.84) and lower residential house value-to-total assets ratio (.52) than the counter part. Second, for the group who answered that they had enough money for later years, the factors influencing on total real estate were found to be income, debt, and liquid assets.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.213-237
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• 2017

It is essential in social policy evaluation to examine how effectively they protect people from social risks. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of five income security programs of Korea in coping with poverty, using KoWEPs data. We analyse the coverage and adequacy of these programs, joint as well as individual, for each sub-groups. As a result, it was found that 35% of the poor get none of the benefits. The coverage and adequacy for the aged is rather high. However, for the working age people, the unemployed in particular, are very poorly covered and average benefits levels are very low. These findings imply that there are much room and demand for improvement of Korean income security program, especially for working age population.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2001

This study was to examine the effects of economic, social, psychological, and marital resources on the relationship between retirement related stress and life satisfaction among the retired husbands and their wives. Economic resources included actual income, the amount of reduced income after retirement, and perceived adequacy of income, while social resources consisted of the supports from children, relatives, friends and neighbors. Psychological resources constituted sense of mastery and marital resource was measured by the emotional supports from the spouse. Data from 178 couples in Seoul revealed that retirees and their spouse perceived retirement as a very stressful extent, with husbands viewing their retirement as more stressful than their wives. The retirement related stress was found to be the most significant predictor on the life satisfaction of the couples. For retired husbands, life satisfaction was closely associated to sense of mastery and supports from children and relatives. The health status, perceived adequacy of income, sense of mastery, and supports from children and relatives were related to life satisfaction for wives. Therefore, the effects of personal resources on life satisfaction were smarter than that of retirement related stress for both retired husbands and their wives. Along with discussions, implications for retirement education and suggestions for future study are provided.