• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.87-90
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• 2021

The increased use of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans has made it increasingly necessary to evaluate incidental findings on CBCT scans. This report describes the case of a 66-year-old female patient who presented to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology and Medicine at the College of Dentistry of the author's institution and underwent a CBCT scan for maxillary alveolar process implant planning. Upon evaluation of the CBCT scan, a radiopaque (soft tissue attenuation) mass in the left superior aspect of the nasal cavity and left locule of the sphenoid sinus with opacification of the left locule of the sphenoid sinus was incidentally noted. These radiographic findings were suggestive of a space-occupying mass with a high possibility of malignancy. A further medical evaluation confirmed renal cell cancer metastasis to the sphenoid sinus. This study shows the significance of reviewing the entire CBCT scan for incidental findings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.707-711
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• 2013

Purpose: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with a background of benign disease. Method: A total of 709 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing surgical resection were analyzed retrospectively. In 147 patients who underwent surgery for benign thyroid disease, incidental PTC (IPC group) were identified by intraoperative or postoperative pathological examination of surgical specimens but were not detected by preoperative imaging studies. In the other group, according to the pathological examination with or without co-existing benign thyroid disease, 253 cases were clarified as concomitant PTC and 309 cases were clarified as dominant PTC. Results: Incidental PTC was more common in women, about 85.7%, the mean age was $47.6{\pm}11.3$ years old. Average tumor diameter was $4.4{\pm}2.2$ mm, multiple lesions accounted for 12.9% (19/147), and the cervical lymph node metastasis rate was 6.1% (9/147). After radical resection 8 cases recurred, the median time of recurrence was about 12 months (0.5 to 162), there was no tumor-related death. The tumor-free survival rates were 97.3%, 95.9%, 91.5%, and 79.3% in 1, 5, 10 and 14 year respectively. Conclusion: Incidental PTC with a background of benign lesions is common, and the generally good prognosis can be attributed to tumor early detection and early treatment. On the intraoperative finding of incidental PTC, lobectomy (unilateral) or total thyroidectomy (bilateral) should be the first choice, but with a postoperative pathologic finding of incidental PTC, further treatment, such as completion thyroidectomy or immediate lymph dissection is not necessary. Central lymph node dissection is also not needed unless lymphadenectasis is present.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2019

The most important task in acquiring the weapon system is to determine the required performance and to test & evaluate it. The importance of the weapon system by ROC (Required Operational Capability) is not considered, and system development and test evaluation are carried out. In addition, technical incidental performance is tested on the same basis as ROC in the test evaluation and determined according to the result. Development test and evaluation that evaluates technical ability is very important, but development agency is supervised and performed. In this paper, we propose a method to give weights considering the importance of ROC, a technical incidental performance determination and test procedure, and a improvement plan for the development and operational test & evaluation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.250-252
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• 2013

Intra-cranial aneurysm can be incidental findings in patients with pituitary adenomas, and are usually located outside the pituitary region. However, the coexistence of intrasellar (not intracranial) aneurysms with pituitary adenomas is extremely rare. We report a patient with an incidental superior hypophygeal aneurysm embedded within a non-functional pituitary adenoma which was treated by transsphenoidal surgery after endovascular coil embolization.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2017

Incidental envy is known to motivate self-improvement behavior. This phenomenon occurs in part because feelings of inferiority guide subsequent behavior in a way to self-improve, after experiencing envy. However, no research has yet examined whether this tendency may be affected by social context: private versus public. Although extant literature suggests that envy generally leads to self-improvement, we demonstrate that this effect may be mitigated under public social contexts. Across two studies, we find that although incidental envy generally increases self-improvement behavior (e.g., effort exertion and charitable giving) in private social contexts, this tendency is attenuated under public social contexts. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications of this finding.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.559-564
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• 2024

Incidental pancreatic cystic lesions are a common challenge encountered by diagnostic radiologists. Specifically, given the prevalence of benign pancreatic cystic lesions, determining when to recommend aggressive actions such as surgical resection or endoscopic ultrasound with sampling is difficult. In this article, we review the common types of cystic pancreatic lesions including serous cystadenoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and mucinous cystic neoplasm with imaging examples of each. We also discuss high-risk or worrisome imaging features that warrant a referral to a surgeon or endoscopist and provid several examples of these features. These imaging features adhere to the latest guidelines from the International Consensus Guidelines, American Gastroenterological Association (2015), American College of Gastroenterology (2018), American College of Radiology (2010, 2017), and European Guidelines (2013, 2018). Our focused article addresses the imaging dilemma of managing incidental cystic pancreatic lesions, weighing the options between imaging follow-up and aggressive interventions.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.33-44
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• 2012

This study is as to payment improvement method of additional incidental cost to be occurred upon extension of public construction time. According to the result of analysis about the cause of non-payment of additional incidental cost of construction time extension through site examples, it was found that difficulties exist in disputes & proofing over the scope of actual cost recognition, and in this regard the result of experts opinion indicated that a construction extension pre-agreement system can be executed which agrees the scope of recognition of additional incidental cost of construction time extension once the statistical standard is clear and accurate. Accordingly, in this study, by totalling multiple sites data, calculations were implemented in terms of type of construction projects, amount of constructions, period of constructions. According to the result of calculation, the element of type of construction project and construction period appears to have none direct effect to the occurrence of additional cost of construction time extension, but direct relationship was indicated related to the contract amount element. In view of above, in this study a standard additional incidental cost of construction time extension was proposed, and presented a system improvement plan to implement the construction extension pre-agreement system.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.209-239
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• 2015

Previous studies on the effect of incidental semantic priming on judgment, have focused mainly on mutually exclusive hypotheses. However, the present study explored whether incidental semantic activation affects diagnostic inference depending on the type of the hypothesis: mutually exclusive hypotheses vs compatible hypotheses. In Experiment 1, in case of mutually exclusive hypotheses, the final hypothesis was selected according to the incidental semantic priming, but there was no difference in the number of generated hypothesis in comparison with the control. However, for compatible hypotheses (i.e., both hypotheses can be true), the semantic priming affected the number of generated hypotheses, but not the selection of the final hypothesis. The same pattern of results was observed even when the cognitive load was increased. In Experiment 2, we found a boundary condition of incidental semantic activation on diagnostic inference. When cues related to each of the hypotheses were presented simultaneously, the incidental semantic effect disappeared. These results suggest that people consider all possible cues when making diagnostic inference in daily life. In light of these findings, further research on hypothesis generation/evaluation should take the type of hypothesis into account.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.79 no.6
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• pp.303-310
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the CT features of incidental breast lesions on chest CT and to suggest useful criteria for referral to a specialized breast unit. Materials and Methods: Between May 2009 and April 2014, enhanced chest CT examination reports containing the key word 'breast' were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who had incidental breast lesion and were referred to a specialized breast unit and then underwent pathological confirmation or follow-up over a 1-year period were included. Finally, 86 patients (all female, mean age, $48.9{\pm}12.6years$) were enrolled. Two radiologists evaluated lesion characteristics, including size, shape, margins, and enhancement. The correlations between the CT features and pathologies were evaluated, and the diagnostic accuracy of CT features in various combinations was assessed. Results: Among the CT features, irregular shape, non-circumscribed margin, and high contrast enhancement were different between malignant and benign lesions (p < 0.05). The combination of non-circumscribed margin and high contrast enhancement had the highest accuracy (97.7%). Conclusion: Reliable CT features for incidental malignant breast masses are irregular shape, non-circumscribed margin, and high contrast enhancement. The combination of non-circumscribed margin and high contrast enhancement could help distinguish incidental malignant breast lesions and indicate referral to a specialized breast unit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.610-619
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• 2020

Purpose The study aimed to investigate the role of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) in predicting incidental prostate cancer (PCa) or urothelial carcinoma (UCa) extension in urinary bladder (UB) cancer patients. Materials and Methods A total of 72 UB cancer patients who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy and 3 Tesla multiparametric MRI before surgery were enrolled. PI-RADS v2 ratings were assigned by two independent radiologists. All prostate specimens were examined by a single pathologist. We compared the multiparametric MRI findings rated using PI-RADS v2 with the pathologic data. Results Of the 72 UB cancer patients, 29 had incidental PCa (40.3%) and 20 showed UCa extension (27.8%), with an overlap for 3 patients. With a score of 4 as the cut-off value for predicting incidental PCa, the diagnostic accuracy was 65.3%, specificity was 90.7%, and positive predictive value (PPV) was 66.7%. The diagnostic accuracy for incidental UCa extension was 47.2%, specificity was 92.3%, and PPV was 83.3%. Conclusion Despite the low diagnostic accuracy, the PPV and specificity were relatively high. Therefore, PI-RADS v2 scores of 1, 2, or 3 may help exclude the probability of incidental PCa or UCa extension.