• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1975

Most of mothers place their babies in either supine or prone position without change of position. Studies comparing supine and prone position of the newborn infants -have already been performed with the result that the prone position is relatively better than the supine position. However, one kind of position recommended to the mothers is not sufficient for the good rearing practice of children, because the same position placed for period long of time may bring out physical, mental tension and fatigue, and deformities of the skull and the thorax. For this reason nurses have to find out other position which has identical or more advantages than prone position so as to perform the position change for the babies. Main purpose of this study is to identify the differences of vital signs, the number of urination, defecation, diaper rash, crying and amount of feeding of the newborn infants with prone position or lateral position during the first three days of life. Sixty two newborn infants who were delivered at Seoul National University Hospital during the period from July 1 to September 5, 1974 were chosen as subjects for this study. The criteria for the choice of subjects were the babies born with vaginal delivery; body weight 2.5kg or over at birth; Apgar score Seven or over; and gestation period between thirty-eight months ana forty- two months. Of these subjects, by random sampling, thirty-one newborn infants were placed in the prone position and the other thirty-one in the lateral position. The results of this study reviewed in a statistical analysis of the t-test to obtain the following findings : 1. The heart rates of babies in the prone position were the mean heart rates of 135.03 and those in the lateral position 135.98 without any statistically significant difference. 2. There was no significant difference of respiration rate between two groups : a group in the prone position showed the mean respiration rates of 45,57 and the other in the lateral position 46.49. 3. There was no significant difference of body temperature between two groups: the mean body temperature of a group placed in the prone position was 98$^{\circ}$18'F(36$^{\circ}$77'C) and that of the other group 98$^{\circ}$20'F(36$^{\circ}$78'C). 4. One baby showed diaper rash only in a group of infants in the prone position. 5. The number of crying of the babies in the prone position were 23.70 and those in the lateral position 30.00 with a statistical difference at 5 percent level. 6, There was no difference of frequency of urination between two groups: the mean frequency of a group placed in tile prone position was 5.44 and that of the other group 5.06, 7. There was no significant difference of frequency of defecation between two groups : the mean frequency of a group placed in the prone position was 4.20 and that of tile other group 4.21, 8. There was no significant difference of feeding amount between two groups : the average amount of a group in the prone position showed 325.03 and that of the other group in the lateral position 291.51. All the above results mean that we may substitute tile lateral position for the Prone position or utilize both position for tile rearing practice of the babies.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.560-571
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• 2002

Jaw relations and the recording methods have been controversial aspects of dentistry. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relative muscle activity of the masseter and temporal muscles in relation to different intermaxillary relations recorded by intra-oral tracer during maximal clenching and to decide the optimal mandibular position. Ten volunteers with healthy TMJ were studied. Intra-oral tracer was assembled and bite block was fabricated in the articulator. Intra-oral tracer was placed in the mouth, and four mandibular positions were recorded. EMG activity was recorded on a BIO-PAK system (Bio-Research Associates, Inc. USA.) in masseter and temporal muscle and compared in each mandibular positions. The results were as follows: 1. In comparison with maximum intercuspation, the chewing position was the most similar followed by tapping position, myocentric position and posterior border position. However the differences were not statistically significant. 2. In comparison of bilateral symmetry of masseter muscle, tapping position was the most symmetrical followed by chewing position and maximum intercuspation. Myocentric position and posterior border position were not symmetrical. (P<.05). 3. In comparison of bilateral symmetry of anterior temporal muscle, chewing position was the most symmetrical followed by posterior border position, maximum intercuspation, myocentric position and tapping position. However the differences were not statistically significant. 4. In comparison of proportionality of anterior temporal muscle to masseter muscle activity on left side, posterior border position was the greatest followed by myocentric position, taping position, chewing position and maximum intercuspation. And the proportionality of posterior border position was greater than that of maximum intercuspation. (P<.05). 5. In comparison of proportionality of anterior temporal muscle to masseter muscle activity on right side, myocentric position was the greatest followed by posterior border position, tapping position, maximum intercuspation and chewing position. However the differences were not statistically significant.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of wrist position on grip strength. A Grip-Strength is measurement of muscle strength in hand. It is evaluated for the motor function and handicap of hand, projection of treatment plan. It is important because correct treatment. Methods: Total 80 college students were participated in this study, who consisted of 40 males and 40 females(age range: $20{\sim}26$). A Grip-Strength Dynamometer was used to measure the grip strength in three wrist position(flexion, extension, neutral position) and two elbow position(supination, pronation). The ANOVA was conducted to determine any significant difference in grip strength between the wrist position and the two elbow position. Results: The results were as follows: 1. The grip strength was affected by wrist position changes. 2. The difference of grip strength according to elbow position Was not significant difference (p>0.01). 3. The grip strength i1l neutral position was strongest among 3 position of wrist (p<0.01). Conclusion: A Grip-Strength was significant difference in wrist position. Pronation position was minimum grip-strength but not significant difference between supination and pronation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2011

Purpose: Dentists suffer back, neck and shoulder pain during their careers due to bad operating posture. If dentists have a good operating posture ergonomically, there would be less pain and discomfort in the shoulder and back. Therefore, dentists should learn the Home position which enables dentists to approach a stable posture ergonomically. This study was to compare tooth preparation in the Home position and the Random position, and evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Home position. Materials and methods: Tooth preparation for fixed partial denture was performed on the maxillary left 2nd premolar and maxillary left 2nd molar at the two different operating positions were compared. The amount of occlusal reduction, marginal width, subgingival margin depth, and convergence angle were measured. A T-test was performed separately to compare the results of the Random position and the Home position. Results: 1. The amounts of average thickness of occlusal reduction on fossa were deficient to the ordered ones in the Random position and the Home position (P > .05). 2. The average subgingival margin depth of prepared margin on maxillary left 2nd premolar, maxillary left 2nd molar were excessive in the Random position than in the Home position. On the maxillary left 2nd premolar, there was no statistical difference in the Random position and the Home position except Distal midline, DL line angle, Lingual midline, ML line angle (P< .05). On the maxillary left 2nd molar, there was no statistical difference in the Random position and the Home position (P < .05). 3. Average convergence angle in the Random position and the Home position were excessive compared to the ordered angle. There was no statistical difference in the Random position and the Home position (P > .05). 4. Analysis of pearson correlation : In the Random position, the amounts of average thickness of occlusal reduction, the average subgingival margin depth of prepared margin, convergence angle were significantly associated with each other (P < .05). But in the Home position, they were not significantly associated with each other (P < .05). 5. The time needed for preparation in the Home position was faster or equal than that of the Random position as time went on. Conclusion: In conclusion, there were no significant differences between Home position and Random position in measures of occlusal reduction, marginal width, marginal depth, convergence angle. However, preparation time and incidence of damaging adjacent teeth were less in Home position than in Random position. Therefore, if trained properly, Home position which is more ergonomically stable can be adopted for clinical use.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.709-712
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• 2000

In general three position sensors are needed to drive three phases SRM. Single position sensor driving method for three phases Switched Reluctance Motor(SRM) is proposed in this paper. By using single position sensor the cost of SRM is reduced. But position sensor the cost of SRM is reduced. But position detection at the staring is needed for single position sensor driving method. In this paper we propose the active align method to detect the relative position of rotor to three phases and align to the nearest phase. We proved the validity of the method by experiment and compare with other method.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.140-152
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• 1998

Background: Prone position improves oxygenation in patients with ARDS probably by reducing shunt Reduction of shunt in prone position is thought to be effected by lowering of the critical opening pressure (COP) of the dorsal lung because the pleural pressure becomes less positive in prone position compared to supine position. It can then be assumed that prone position would bring about greater improvement in oxygenation when PEEP applied in supine position is just beneath COP than when PEEP is above COP. Hemodynamically, prone position is expected to attenuate the lifting of cardiac fossa induced by PEEP. Based on these backgrounds, we investigated whether the effect of prone position on oxygenation differs in magnitude according to the level of PEEP applied in supine position, and whether impaired cardiac output in supine position by PEEP can be restored in prone position. Methods: In seven mongrel dogs, $PaO_2/F_1O_2$(P/F) was measured in supine position and at prone position 30 min. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), pulse rate (PR), and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP) were measured in supine position, at prone position 5 min, and at prone position 30 min. After ARDS was established with warmed saline lavage(P/F ratio $134{\pm}72$ mm Hg), inflection point was measured by constant flow method($6.6{\pm}1.4cm$ $H_2O$), and the above variables were measured in supine and prone positions under the application of Low PEEP($5.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$), and Optimal PEEP($9.0{\pm}1.2cm$ $H_2O$)(2 cm $H_2O$ below and above the inflection point, respectively) consecutively. Results : P/F ratio in supine position was $195{\pm}112$ mm Hg at Low PEEP and $466{\pm}63$ mm Hg at Optimal PEEP(p=0.003). Net increase of P/F ratio at prone position 30 min, however, was far greater at Low PEEP($205{\pm}90$ mm Hg) than at Optimal PEEP($33{\pm}33$ mm Hg)(p=0.009). Compared to CO in supine position at Optimal PEEP($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min), CO in prone improved to $3.4{\pm}0.6$ L/min at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180) and $3.6{\pm}0.7$ L/min at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180). Improvement in CO was attributable to the increase in SV: $14{\pm}2$ ml in supine position, $20{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 5 min (p=0.0180), and $21{\pm}2$ ml at prone position 30 min (p=0.0180), but not to change in PR or PAOP. When the dogs were turned to supine position again, MAP ($92{\pm}23$ mm Hg, p=0.009), CO ($2.4{\pm}0.5$ L/min, p=0.0277) and SV ($14{\pm}1$ ml, p=0.0277) were all decreased compared to prone position 30 min. Conclusion: Prone position in a dog with saline-lavaged acute lung injury appeared to augment the effect of relatively low PEEP on oxygenation, and also attenuate the adverse hemodynamic effect of relatively high PEEP. These findings suggest that a PEEP lower than Optimal PEEP can be adopted in prone position to achieve the goal of alveolar recruitment in ARDS avoiding the hemodynamic complications of a higher PEEP at the same time.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1990.10b
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• pp.913-916
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• 1990

In this paper, attempts have been made to control AC synchronous servo motor used as actuators of joints of the FARA robot with high dynamic performance and precise positioning. The AC synchronous servo motors used in FARA robots have resolves as position sensors. Resolver to digital converters are used in order to obtain the information of rotor speed and position from resolver outputs. The proposed joint position control system consists of four speed controller and one position controller. Analog methods are used in the position controller, while digital methods are used in the position controller. For precise position control, PID control algorithm and interpolation functions are executed in two 16 bit microprocessors with sampling rate 2ms. Experimental results show that the proposed joint position control system can be effectively applied to industrial robots in order to obtain high dynamic performance and precise positioning. The proposed joint position control system is being used in the control of FARA robots of Samsung Electronics.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.71-78
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• 1971

Anesthetized dogs were tilted from horizontal to the upright and head down position. Tilting to the upright position was followed by an increase in heart rate. In the head down position a decreased heart rate was obtained. The arterial blood pressure was decreased in the upright position and was decreased markedly in the head down position. The central venous pressure was decreased in the upright position and was markedly decreased down to the negative pressure in the head down position. The respiratory rate was slightly increased in the upright position comparing to that in the horizontal position. No remarkable changes were noted in the head down position. From the above results the following factors were discussed The decreased arterial blood pressure during the upright position was supposed to be the secondary effect from the diminished venous return that was suggested by the decreased central venous pressure. The decreased arterial blood pressure in the head down position was also supposed as the above reason as the diminished central venous pressure during the tilt. In addition the cardioinhibitory effects originated from the baroreceptors might have been operated during head down tilting. In the heart rate there was slight tachycardia in the upright position this was assumed as the abolished cardioinhibitory impulses from the baroreceptor in the upright position. On the contrary, despite of the decrease of arterial blood pressure in the head down position as well as in the upright, the bradycardia have been appeared. This was suggestive of cardioinhibitory impulses from the baroreceptors which was stretched during head down tilting. From the above findings there is a possibility of continous cardioinhibitory responses during head down tilting for this kind of the short period of 10 minutes which was chosed in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 2009

Purpose：The purpose of this study are analysis characteristic of grasping power with each different elbow flexion degree and grasping power with each different elbow each different hand position and announcement. Methods：Measuring about 10cm wide open position with both feet for each elbow in the line positions of the $0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$, and forearm position of supination, mid position, pronation is of the order. Results：The averge position of maximal grip strength was $0^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion with mid position in male and $90^{\circ}$ of elbow flexion with mid position in female. Grip strength in change of wrist position according to elbow flexion was significant difference(P<0.05). Grip strength in change of wrist position according to elbow flexion by sex was significant difference(P<0.05) Conclusion：When the elbow has flexion with $0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$, $135^{\circ}$ then grasping power has a intimate relation with forearm position. Grasping power with forearm supination, pronation and mid position also has a intimate relation with elbow flexion.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07b
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• pp.833-836
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• 1995

The Position Sensitive Detector(PSD) is an useful which can be used to measurement the position of an incidence light in detail and in real-time. In this paper, light sources, to be predefinded positions, are used as landmarks and the 2-D PSD signals are used to compensate the position of a running mobile robot. To induce the position compensation algorithm, first, we inspect the error factor, make the error model, and evaluate the error covariance matrix between the real position and estimated position in dead reckoning system. Next we obtain an optimal position compensation algorithm to update the estimated position using extended Kalman filler by the relation of the external light position and it's PSD signal. Through the simulation of navigating a robot the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed.