• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.295-347
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• 2013

우리나라는 2009년 8월 및 2010년 10월에 전남 고흥군 외나로도의 나로우주센터에서 우리나라 최초 우주발사체인 나로호(KSLV-1)에 의해 과학위성이 우리의 자력으로 발사되었으나 두 차례 발사가 모두 실패로 돌아갔다. 마침내 2013년 1월 30일 나로우주센터에서 우주발사체 나로호가 3차로 발사되어 나로과학위성을 우주궤도에 진입시키는데 성공하였다. 금번 나로호 발사의 성공으로 우리나라는 미국, 러시아, 일본, 중국 등에 이어 11번째로 스페이스 클럽(Space Club)반열에 합류하게 되었다. 우주공간의 평화적 이용과 우주질서를 유지하기 위하여 유엔 결의에 따라 1967년 우주조약, 1968년 구조협정, 1972년 책임협약, 1976년 등록협약, 1979년 달 협정 등 우주관련 조약이 채택되었으며 우리나라는 달 협정을 제외한 4개 우주관련 조약에 가입되어 있다. 위와 같은 우주관련 조약에는 우주물체 발사국의 우주활동에 대한 국제책임에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 특히 우주조약에는 우주활동에 대한 국가의 책임원칙을 규정하고 있는바, 동 조약에 의하면 본 조약의 당사국은 달과 천체를 포함한 외기권에 있어서 그 활동을 정부기관이 행한 경우나 비정부기관이 행한 경우를 막론하고 국가 활동에 관하여 그리고 본 조약에서 규정한 조항에 따라서 국가 활동을 보증함에 관하여 국제적 책임을 져야한다. 또한 달과 기타 천체를 포함한 외기권에 물체를 발사하거나 또는 그 물체를 발사하여 궤도에 진입케 한 본 조약의 각 당사국과 그 영역 또는 시설로부터 물체를 발사한 각 당사국은 지상, 공간 또는 달과 기타 천체를 포함한 외기권에 있는 이러한 물체 또는 동 물체의 구성부분에 의하여 본 조약의 다른 당사국 또는 그 자연인 또는 법인에게 가한 손해에 대하여 책임을 진다. 책임협약에 의하면 발사국은 자국 우주물체가 지구표면에 또는 비행중의 항공기에 끼친 손해에 대하여 배상을 지불할 절대적인 책임을 진다. 또한 발사국의 과실 책임, 연대책임, 손해배상액을 규정하고 있다. 세계 주요국은 상기 우주관련 조약의 준수 및 자국의 우주개발을 진흥하고 우주활동을 규제하기 위하여 국내 우주법을 제정하여 시행하고 있다. 우리나라를 비롯한 미국, 러시아, 일본 등 주요국의 우주관련 국내법에는 우주물체 발사국 정부의 책임에 관하여 규정하고 있다. 우리나라 우주개발진흥법에서 정부의 책무로서 정부는 다른 국가 및 국제기구와 대한민국이 맺은 우주관련 조약을 지키며 우주공간의 평화적 이용을 도모하도록 규정하고 있으며, 또한 우주물체의 국내등록 및 국제등록, 우주사고에 따른 손해배상책임 등을 규정하고 있다. 우리나라 우주손해배상법에서 정부는 우주손해가 발생한 경우에 피해자의 구조 및 피해의 확대 방지에 필요한 조치를 시행하도록 규정하고 있으며, 또한 무과실책임 및 책임의 집중, 손해배상책임 한도액, 권리행사의 기간 등을 규정하고 있다. 주요국의 우주관련 국내입법으로는 미국의 국가항공우주법 및 상업우주발사법, 러시아의 우주활동법, 일본의 우주항공연구개발기구(JAXA)법 및 우주기본법 등이 있다. 우리나라가 우주물체 발사국으로서 우주관련 조약상 및 국내법상 우주물체 발사국 정부의 책임을 이행하고 우주강국의 위상을 정립하기 위하여 우리나라 우주정책 및 법 제도는 다음과 같이 개선되어야 할 것이다. 첫째, 우주개발 및 우주활동 관련 법제의 정비이다. 이를 위해 우주개발 및 우주활동에 관한 정부정책 및 규제를 실사하기 위한 법제상의 조치 및 정비를 하고, 또한 유엔 COPUOS에서 채택된 우주의 평화적 탐사와 이용에 관한 국내입법시 고려 사항에 따라 법제 정비를 해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 우주손해배상책임제도의 개선이다. 이를 위해 우주물체의 공동발사 및 위탁발사의 경우 손해배상책임 및 구상권에 관한 규정을 신설하고, 또한 우주물체 발사자의 책임보험 가입의무를 보다 상세히 규정해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 우주환경 보전정책의 수립이다. 이를 위해 우주개발에 있어서 환경의 배려 및 보전정책을 강구하고, 또한 우주쓰레기 경감을 위한 규범을 채택해야 할 것이다. 넷째, 우주활동 관련 국제협력의 증진이다. 이를 위해 우주의 탐사와 이용에 있어 국가의 국제협력 의무를 준수해야하고, 또한 우주 국제협력을 통해 우주개발 역량을 확보하여 우주 선진국으로 진입해야 할 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.101-118
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• 1993

Generally there is no law and liability system which applies particulary to commercial space ventures. There are several international treaties and national statutes which deal with space ventures, but their impact on the liability of commercial space ventures has not been significant. Every state law in the United States will impose both tort and contract liability on those responsible for injuries or losses caused by defective products or by services performed negligently. As with the providers of other products and services, those who participate in commercial space ventures have exposure to liability in both tort and contract which is limited to the extent of the resulting damage The manufacturer of a small and cheap component which caused a satellite to fail to reach orbit or to operate nominally has the same exposure to liability as the provider of launch vehicle or the manufacturer of satellite into which the component was incorporaded. Considering the enormity of losses which may result from launch failure or satellite failure, those participated in commercial space ventures will do their best to limit their exposure to liability by contract to the extent permitted by law. In most states of the United States, contracts which limit or disclaim the liability are enforceable with respect to claims for losses or damage to property if they are drafted in compliance with the requirements of the applicable law. In California an attempt to disclaim the liability for one's own negligence will be enforceable only if the contract states explicitly that the parties intend to have the disclaimer apply to negligence claims. Most state laws of the United States will refuse to enforce contracts which attempt to disclaim the liability for gross negligence on public policy grounds. However, the public policy which favoured disclaiming the liability as to gross negligence for providers of launch services was pronounced by the United States Congress in the 1988 Amendments to the 1984 Commercial Space Launch Act. To extend the disclaimer of liability to remote purchasers, the contract of resale should state expressly that the disclaimer applies for the benefit of all contractors and subcontractors who participated in producing the product. This situation may occur when the purchaser of a satellite which has failed to reach orbit has not contracted directly with the provider of launch services. Contracts for launch services usually contain cross-waiver of liability clauses by which each participant in the launch agrees to be responsible for it's own loss and to waive any claims which it may have against other participants. The crosswaiver of liability clause may apply to the participants in the launch who are parties to the launch services agreement, but not apply to their subcontractors. The role of insurance in responding to many risks has been critical in assisting commercial space ventures grow. Today traditional property and liability insurance, such as pre-launch, launch and in-orbit insurance and third party liability insurance, have become mandatory parts of most space projects. The manufacture and pre-launch insurance covers direct physical loss or damage to the satellite, its apogee kick moter and including its related launch equipment from commencement of loading operations at the manufacture's plant until lift off. The launch and early orbit insurance covers the satellite for physical loss or damage from attachment of risk through to commissioning and for some period of initial operation between 180 days and 12 months after launch. The in-orbit insurance covers physical loss of or damage to the satellite occuring during or caused by an event during the policy period. The third party liability insurance covers the satellite owner' s liability exposure at the launch site and liability arising out of the launch and operation in orbit. In conclusion, the liability in commercial space ventures extends to any organization which participates in providing products and services used in the venture. Accordingly, it is essential for any organization participating in commercial space ventures to contractually disclaim its liability to the extent permitted by law. To achieve the effective disclaimers, it is necessary to determine the applicable law and to understand the requirements of the law which will govern the terms of the contract. A great deal of funds have been used in R&D for commercial space ventures to increase reliability, safety and success. However, the historical reliability of launches and success for commercial space ventures have proved to be slightly lower than we would have wished for. Space insurance has played an important role in reducing the high risks present in commercial space ventures.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.199-230
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• 2021

산업의 경쟁력을 강화하기 위해서는, 새로운 기술의 개발 및 사업화와 함께 관련된 규제·애로를 발굴하고, 적기(適期)에 대응하는 것이 매우 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 현 정부에서는 이러한 산업적 변화에 대응하여 신산업에 대한 투자 확대와 함께 해당 산업 분야에 적용되고 있는 기존 규제메커니즘의 개혁을 추진하고 있다. 이러한 정부 정책방향에 맞춰, 본 연구는 신산업 분야에서 발생될 규제이슈를 선제적으로 예측하기 위해, 신제품 및 서비스의 시장진출에 있어서 걸림돌이 되는 기존 규제 제도를 발굴하고, 적정성 평가 및 개선방안을 마련하기 위한 규제영향분석 체계를 구축하고자 하였다. 그 결과로, 본 연구에서는 규제영향분석 프레임워크를 제시하였으며, 실제 규제이슈 사례를 적용하여, 분석하고 개선안을 도출하는 전반적인 과정을 보여주고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 '18년도에 정부에서 집중적으로 투자를 진행했던 융합 신산업 분야의 제품 및 서비스를 대상으로 하여, 기획(R&D)단계부터 상용화 되기까지의 일련의 과정에서 발생 가능한 규제들을 사전적으로 검토하는 방법론을 제안하였다. 규제영향분석 프레임워크를 통해 도출된 규제 개선안은 소관 부처에 건의되어, 실제로 법령이 개정되었다는 점에서 연구의 실무적 및 정책적인 시사점을 제시할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서 개발한 규제영향분석 프레임워크는 향후 신산업 분야에서 나타날 수 있는 규제 이슈들을 해결하는 것에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 예상한다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.44-63
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• 2000

Situated close to Heathrow Airport, and adjacent to the M4 and M25 Motorways, the site at Axis Park is considered a prime location for business in the UK. In consequnce two of the UK's major property development companies, MEPC and Redrew Homes sought the expertise of Intergeo to remediate the contaminated former industrial site prior to its development. Industrial use of the twenty-six hectare site, started in 1936, when Hawker Aircraft commence aircraft manufacture. In 1963 the Firestone Tyre and Rubber Company purchased part of the site. Ford commenced vehicle production at the site in the mid-1970's and production was continued by Iveco Ford from 1986 to the plant's decommissioning in 1997. Geologically the site is underlain by sand and gravel, deposited in prehistory by the River Thames, with London Clay at around 6m depth. The level of groundwater fluctuates seasonally at around 2.5m depth, moving slowly southwest towards local streams and watercourses. A phased investigation of the site was undertaken, which culminated in the extensive site investigation undertaken by Intergeo in 1998. In total 50 boreholes, 90 probeholes and 60 trial pits were used to investigate the site and around 4000 solid and 1300 liquid samples were tested in the laboratory for chemical substances. The investigations identified total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil up to 25, 000mg/kg. Diesel oil, with some lubricating oil were the main components. Volatile organic compounds were identified in the groundwater in excess of 10mg/l. Specific substances included trichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. Both the oil and volatile compounds were widely spread across the site, The specific substances identified could be traced back to industrial processes used at one or other dates in the sites history Slightly elevated levels of toxic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified locally. Prior to remediation of the site and throughout its progress, extensive liaison with the regulatory authorities and the client's professional representatives was required. In addition to meetings, numerous technical documents detailing methods and health and safety issues were required in order to comply with UK environmental and safety legislation. After initially considering a range of options to undertake remediation, the following three main techniques were selected: ex-situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils, skimming of free floating hydrocarbon product from the water surface at wells and excavations and air stripping of volatile organic compounds from groundwater recovered from wells. The achievements were as follows: 1) 350, 000m3 of soil was excavated and 112, 000m3 of sand and gravel was processed to remove gravel and cobble sized particles; 2) 53, 000m3 of hydrocarbon contaminated soil was bioremediated in windrows ; 3) 7000m3 of groundwater was processed by skimming to remove free floating Product; 4) 196, 000m3 of groundwater was Processed by air stripping to remove volatile organic compounds. Only 1000m3 of soil left the site for disposal in licensed waste facilities Given the costs of disposal in the UK, the selected methods represented a considerable cost saving to the Clients. All other soil was engineered back into the ground to a precise geotechnical specification. The following objective levels were achieved across the site 1) By a Risk Based Corrective Action (RBCA) methodology it was demonstrated that soil with less that 1000mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons did not pose a hazard to health or water resources and therefore, could remain insitu; 2) Soils destined for the residential areas of the site were remediated to 250mg/kg total petroleum hydrocarbons; in the industrial areas 500mg/kg was proven acceptable. 3) Hydrocarbons in groundwater were remediated to below the Dutch Intervegtion Level of 0.6mg/1; 4) Volatile organic compounds/BTEX group substances were reduced to below the Dutch Intervention Levels; 5) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were below Inter-departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land guideline levels for intended enduse. In order to verify the qualify of the work 1500 chemical test results were submitted for the purpose of validation. Quality assurance checks were undertaken by independent consultants and at an independent laboratory selected by Intergeo. Long term monitoring of water quality was undertaken for a period of one year after remediation work had been completed. Both the regulatory authorities and Clients representatives endorsed the quality of remediation now completed at the site. Subsequent to completion of the remediation work Redrew Homes constructed a prestige housing development. The properties at "Belvedere Place" retailed at premium prices. On the MEPC site the Post Office, amongst others, has located a major sorting office for the London area. Exceptionally high standards of remediation, control and documentation were a requirement for the work undertaken here.aken here.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.221-233
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• 2009

목 적 : 신장에서 분비되어 적혈구를 생산하는 빈혈제로 알려진 에리스로포이에틴(Erythropoietin, EPO)은 단순히 피를 만드는 조혈기능 뿐 아니라 최근 신경계 보호 및 신경강화 효과가 있다고 발표되고 있지만 주산기 가사로 인한 저산소성 허혈성 뇌병증의 치료제로서 그 기전이 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 저자들은 유전자 재조합 인 에리스로포이에틴(recombinant Human EPO, rHuEPO)을 이용하여 주산기 저산소성 허혈성 뇌병증의 치료제로서 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 수용체와 관련된 흥분성 독성작용을 통한 조절 등 그 기전을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 재태기간 19일된 태아 백서의 대뇌피질 세포를 배양하여 정상산소군은 5% $CO_2$ 배양기(95% air, 5% $CO_2$)에 두었고, 저산소군과 농도별 뇌손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군(1, 10, 100 IU/mL)은 1% $O_2$ 배양기(94% $N_2$, 5% $CO_2$)에서 6시간 동안 뇌세포손상을 유도하였다. 세포성장과 생존력을 평가하기 위해 MTT 실험을 시행하였다. 동물 모델에서는 생후 7일된 신생백서의 좌측 총 경동맥을 결찰한 후 6개 군; 정상산소군, sham-operated군, 저산소-허헐성군, 저산소-허헐성+vehicle군, 저산소-허헐성 손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 rHuEPO 투여군으로 나누었고, 저산소-허헐성 손상은 특별히 제작한 통속에서 2시간 동안 8% $O_2$ (8% $O_2$, 92% $N_2$)에 노출시켰다. rHuEPO은 뇌손상 전후 30분에 체중 kg당 1000 IU를 투여하였고, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 7일째 조직을 실험하였다. 적출한 조직으로 H&E 염색을 하여 뇌손상을 형태학적으로 관찰하였다. 세포배양 및 동물실험에서 NMDA 수용체의 아단위인 NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D를 이용하여 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 저산소군에서 세포 생존률은 정상산소군보다 60% 감소하였으며, rHuEPO 투여군(1, 10 IU/mL)은 80% 증가하였다. rHuEPO 투여군(100 IU/mL)은 회복되지 않았다. 우측 반구 대비 좌측 반구의 범위는 정상산소군 98.9%, sham-operated군 99.1%, 저산소-허헐성군 57.1%, 저산소-허헐성+vehicle군 57.0%, 저산소-허헐성 손상 전 rHuEPO 투여군 87.6%, 저산소-허헐성 손상 후 rHuEPO 투여군 91.6%으로 나타났다. NMDA 수용체의 아단위 생체외 실험에서 실시간 중합효소연쇄반응의 결과 NMDA 수용체 아단위 mRNA의 발현은 rHuEPO 투여군에서 저산소군보다 모두 증가하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 rHuEPO은 흥분성 독성작용과 관련되어 NMDA 수용체를 조절하면서 저산소성 허헐성 뇌손상을 보호하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.878-895
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• 1999

Ischemic preconditioing (IPC), i.e., a preliminary brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion, has been shown to reduce the cell damage induced by long ischemia and reperfusion. Superoxide radical which is produced during reperfusion after ischemia was recognized as a factor of the ischemic injury and it is dismutated into $H_2O_2$ and $O_2$ by two types of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,Zn-SOD in cytoplasm and Mn-SOD in mitochondria. Recently oxygen free radicals are suggested to induce the apoptosis, however mechanism of the reduced apoptosis by ischemic preconditioing was unknown, while many studies performed in mammalian heart indicated that ATP-sensitive $K^+$ ($K_{APT}$) channel activation related with the protective effects. The aim of present study is to investigate 1) whether IP upregulate the Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities, and 2) whether ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused skeletal muscle after long ishemia. The experimental animals, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~300g, were divided into 8 groups; 1) control group, 2) ischemic preconditioning only groups, 3) pinacidil, a $K_{APT}$ channel opener, treatment only groups, 4) glibenclamide, a $K_{APT}$ channel blocker, treatment only groups, 5) ischemia groups, 6) ischemia after IPC groups, 7) ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups, and 8) IP and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups. Animals of the control group were administered with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Pinacidil (1mg/kg) was administered intravenously 5 minutes after initiation of ischemia, and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) was injected intravenously 20 minutes before IPC. In rats that were ischemic preconditioned, the left common iliac artery was occluded for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion by three times using vascular clamp. Ischemia was done by occlusion of the same artery for 4 hours. The specimens of left rectus femoris muscle were obtained immediately (0 hour), 12 hours, 24 hours after drug administrations, IP or ischemia and reperfusion. The immunoreactivities of SOD and its alterations were observed by use of sheep antihuman Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD antibodies on the $10{\mu}m$ cryosections. The incidencies of apoptosis were observed by TUNEL methods with in situ apoptosis detection kit on $6{\mu}m$ paraffine section. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After IPC, immunoreactivities of Cu,Zn-SOD mainly in the small-sized fibers were increased by 24 hours, that of Mn-SOD at 0 hour and 24 hours. 2. No significant changes in immunoreactivities of SOD was observed in the pinacidil and in the glibenclamide treatment only groups, and in the ischemia only groups. 3. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD were increased in the ischemia after IPC groups and the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 4. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD in the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups were not increased except for the 12 hours reperfusion group. But, Mn-SOD immunoreactivities were increased in the 0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. 5. In the control group, the IPC only groups, and the pinacidil treatment only groups, negative or trace apoptotic reactions were observed, but the positive apoptotic reaction occured in the glibenclamide treatment groups. 6. Moderate or many number of apoptosis were revealed in the ischemia groups, and also the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment group except for 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the incidence of apoptosis was decreased in the ischemia after IPC groups and in the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 7. There is a coincidence between the increase of Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivities and the decrease of apoptosis in the presence of ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that the protective effects of ishemic preconditioing may related to the SOD activation, and the ischemic preconditioning decreases the apoptosis partially via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused rat skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that inhibition of apoptosis by IPC may related with the SOD activation.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.141-156
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• 2008

본 연구는 미국의 자동시장의 시장구조를 분석한 것이다. 자동차 시장의 구조분석는 제품의 특성이 냐내구재라는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그 동안 시장구조분석은 일반포장소비재를 중심으로 분석되어 왔으나 자동차의 시장구조분석는 자동차의 구매주기가 장기간이며, 다음 구매는 많은 소비자가 상위차급으로 이동한다는 점에서 기존의 분석에 사용되었던 상표전환자료를 사용하는데 한계가 있다. 이 때문에 본 연구에서는 구매고려상표군을 중심으로 우사성지수로 사용하여 시장구조분석을 하였다. 자료는 미국의 자동차구매에 관한 이차자료를 활용하였으며, 자료의 특성상 일부차종에 한정하여 사용하였다. 크게 세가지 형태-비용, 비용-형태, 비구조화의 가설적 시장을 비교분석하였으며, 결과적으로 형태-비용 구조가 가장 우수한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제5호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2007

Many historical research and facet about modern art in Indonesia which formulating background of contemporary Indonesian Art. Indonesian art critic Sanento Yuliman states that Modern art has been rapidly developing in Indonesia since the Indonesian Independence in 1945. Modern Art is a part of the super culture of the Indonesian metropolitan and is closely related to the contact between the Indonesian and Western Cultures. Its birth was part of the nationalism project, when the Indonesian people consists of various ethnics were determined to become a new nation, the Indonesian nation, and they wished for a new culture, and therefore, a new art. The period 1960s, which was the beginning of the creation and development of the painters and the painters associations, was the first stage of the development of modern art in Indonesia. The second stage showed the important role of the higher education institutes for art. These institutes have developed since the 1950s and in the 1970s they were the main education institutes for painters and other artists. The artists awareness of the medium, forms or the organization of shapes were encouraged more intensely and these encouraged the exploring and experimental attitudes. Meanwhile, the information about the world's modern art, particularly Western Art; was widely and rapidly spread. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by the development of various abstractions and abstract art and the great number of explorations in various new media, like the experiment with collage, assemblage, mixed media. The works of the Neo Art Movement-group in the second half of the 1970s and in the 1980s shows environmental art and installations, influenced by the elements of popular art, from the commercial world and mass media, as well as the involvement of art in the social and environmental affairs. The issues about the environment, frequently launched by the intellectuals in the period of economic development starting in the 1970s, echoed among the artists, and they were widened in the social, art and cultural circles. The Indonesian economic development following the important change in the 1970s has caused a change in the life of the middle and upper class society, as has the change in various aspects of a big city, particularly Jakarta. The new genre emerged in 1975 which indicates contemporary art in Indonesia, when a group of young artists organized a movement, which was widely known as the Indonesian New Art Movement. This movement criticized international style, universalism and the long standing debate on an east-west-dichotomy. As far as the actual practice of the arts was concerned the movement criticized the domination of the art of painting and saw this as a sign of stagnation in Indonesian art development. Based on this criticism 'the movement' introduced ready-mades and installations (Jim Supangkat). Takes almost two decades that the New Art Movement activists were establishing Indonesian Installation art genre as contemporary paradigm and influenced the 1980's gene ration like, FX Harsono, Dadang Christanto, Arahmaiani, Tisna Sanjaya, Diyanto, Andarmanik, entering the 1990's decade as "rebellion period" ; reject towards established aesthetic mainstream i.e. painting, sculpture, graphic art which are insufficient to express "new language" and artistic needs especially to mediate social politic and cultural situation. Installation Art which contains open possibilities of creation become a vehicle for aesthetic establishment rejection and social politics stagnant expression in 1990s. Installation art accommodates two major field; first, the rejection of aesthetic establishment has a consequences an artists quest for medium; deconstruction models and cross disciplines into multi and intermedia i.e. performance, music, video etc. Second aspect is artists' social politic intention for changes, both conclude as characteristics of Indonesian Installation Art and establishing the freedom of expression in contemporary Indonesian Art until today.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제36회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1-2
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• 2011

Hybrid rockets have lately attracted attention as a strong candidate of small, low cost, safe and reliable launch vehicles. A significant topic is that the first commercially sponsored space ship, SpaceShipOne vehicle chose a hybrid rocket. The main factors for the choice were safety of operation, system cost, quick turnaround, and thrust termination. In Japan, five universities including Hokkaido University and three private companies organized "Hybrid Rocket Research Group" from 1998 to 2002. Their main purpose was to downsize the cost and scale of rocket experiments. In 2002, UNISEC (University Space Engineering Consortium) and HASTIC (Hokkaido Aerospace Science and Technology Incubation Center) took over the educational and R&D rocket activities respectively and the research group dissolved. In 2008, JAXA/ISAS and eleven universities formed "Hybrid Rocket Research Working Group" as a subcommittee of the Steering Committee for Space Engineering in ISAS. Their goal is to demonstrate technical feasibility of lowcost and high frequency launches of nano/micro satellites into sun-synchronous orbits. Hybrid rockets use a combination of solid and liquid propellants. Usually the fuel is in a solid phase. A serious problem of hybrid rockets is the low regression rate of the solid fuel. In single port hybrids the low regression rate below 1 mm/s causes large L/D exceeding a hundred and small fuel loading ratio falling below 0.3. Multi-port hybrids are a typical solution to solve this problem. However, this solution is not the mainstream in Japan. Another approach is to use high regression rate fuels. For example, a fuel regression rate of 4 mm/s decreases L/D to around 10 and increases the loading ratio to around 0.75. Liquefying fuels such as paraffins are strong candidates for high regression fuels and subject of active research in Japan too. Nakagawa et al. in Tokai University employed EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) to modify viscosity of paraffin based fuels and investigated the effect of viscosity on regression rates. Wada et al. in Akita University employed LTP (Low melting ThermoPlastic) as another candidate of liquefying fuels and demonstrated high regression rates comparable to paraffin fuels. Hori et al. in JAXA/ISAS employed glycidylazide-poly(ethylene glycol) (GAP-PEG) copolymers as high regression rate fuels and modified the combustion characteristics by changing the PEG mixing ratio. Regression rate improvement by changing internal ballistics is another stream of research. The author proposed a new fuel configuration named "CAMUI" in 1998. CAMUI comes from an abbreviation of "cascaded multistage impinging-jet" meaning the distinctive flow field. A CAMUI type fuel grain consists of several cylindrical fuel blocks with two ports in axial direction. The port alignment shifts 90 degrees with each other to make jets out of ports impinge on the upstream end face of the downstream fuel block, resulting in intense heat transfer to the fuel. Yuasa et al. in Tokyo Metropolitan University employed swirling injection method and improved regression rates more than three times higher. However, regression rate distribution along the axis is not uniform due to the decay of the swirl strength. Aso et al. in Kyushu University employed multi-swirl injection to solve this problem. Combinations of swirling injection and paraffin based fuel have been tried and some results show very high regression rates exceeding ten times of conventional one. High fuel regression rates by new fuel, new internal ballistics, or combination of them require faster fuel-oxidizer mixing to maintain combustion efficiency. Nakagawa et al. succeeded to improve combustion efficiency of a paraffin-based fuel from 77% to 96% by a baffle plate. Another effective approach some researchers are trying is to use an aft-chamber to increase residence time. Better understanding of the new flow fields is necessary to reveal basic mechanisms of regression enhancement. Yuasa et al. visualized the combustion field in a swirling injection type motor. Nakagawa et al. observed boundary layer combustion of wax-based fuels. To understand detailed flow structures in swirling flow type hybrids, Sawada et al. (Tohoku Univ.), Teramoto et al. (Univ. of Tokyo), Shimada et al. (ISAS), and Tsuboi et al. (Kyushu Inst. Tech.) are trying to simulate the flow field numerically. Main challenges are turbulent reaction, stiffness due to low Mach number flow, fuel regression model, and other non-steady phenomena. Oshima et al. in Hokkaido University simulated CAMUI type flow fields and discussed correspondence relation between regression distribution of a burning surface and the vortex structure over the surface.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.327-340
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• 2017

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2016. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of flow, heat and mass transfer, the reduction of pollutant exhaust gas, cooling and heating, the renewable energy system and the flow around buildings. CFD schemes were used more for all research areas. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results of the long-term performance variation of the plate-type enthalpy exchange element made of paper, design optimization of an extruded-type cooling structure for reducing the weight of LED street lights, and hot plate welding of thermoplastic elastomer packing. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, the heat transfer characteristics of a finned-tube heat exchanger in a PCM (phase change material) thermal energy storage system, influence of flow boiling heat transfer on fouling phenomenon in nanofluids, and PCM at the simultaneous charging and discharging condition were studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, one-dimensional flow network model and porous-media model, and R245fa in a plate-shell heat exchanger were studied. (3) Various studies were published in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration/energy system, system control. In the refrigeration cycle category, subjects include mobile cold storage heat exchanger, compressor reliability, indirect refrigeration system with $CO_2$ as secondary fluid, heat pump for fuel-cell vehicle, heat recovery from hybrid drier and heat exchangers with two-port and flat tubes. In the alternative refrigeration/energy system category, subjects include membrane module for dehumidification refrigeration, desiccant-assisted low-temperature drying, regenerative evaporative cooler and ejector-assisted multi-stage evaporation. In the system control category, subjects include multi-refrigeration system control, emergency cooling of data center and variable-speed compressor control. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, fifteenth studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, renewable energies, etc. Proposed designs, performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which could be help for improving the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the analyses of indoor thermal environments controlled by portable cooler, the effects of outdoor wind pressure in airflow at high-rise buildings, window air tightness related to the filling piece shapes, stack effect in core type's office building and the development of a movable drawer-type light shelf with adjustable depth of the reflector. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy consumption analysis in office building, the prediction of exit air temperature of horizontal geothermal heat exchanger, LS-SVM based modeling of hot water supply load for district heating system, the energy saving effect of ERV system using night purge control method and the effect of strengthened insulation level to the building heating and cooling load.