• 한국가스학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

한국은 세계 2위의 LNG 수입국이고 2017년 기준 약 70기의 LNG 저장탱크가 상업운전 중에 있다. LNG산업의 핵심설비인 LNG 저장탱크는 1986년 상업운전 이후 설계보증 연한인 30년이 경과 되면서 도시가스사업법 개정을 통해 2014년부터 정밀안전진단을 수행하고 있다. 정밀안전진단 시 LNG 저장탱크의 외조 콘크리트에 대해서 상태평가를 할 수 있는 기준이 부재한 상태이다. LNG 저장탱크의 구조적 특성과 기존 토목구조물 상태평가 기준 분석을 통해 저장탱크의 대표부재에 대한 상태평가기준을 개발하였다. 개발된 객관적 상태평가기준은 LNG 저장탱크의 안전성 및 신뢰성을 향상시키고 보수기준을 제시할 수 있다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.147-169
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• 2009

This paper deals with disputes incurred from the CISG provisions in relation with the conformity of goods with a view to finding the general way of approach made by the court and arbitration tribunal in the case laws for the interpretation of CISG based on 6(six) cases thereon. Throughout this study, it has been noted that the German Supreme Court devoted most in creating the general principle of CISG interpretation in relation with national compulsory law of regulation applicable on the conformity of goods. It was New Zealand mussels case in which the German supreme court decided that the exporting country's compulsory law of regulation would be applied in determining the conformity of goods. Furthermore, German supreme court added that CISG does not place an obligation on the exporter to supply goods, which conform to all statutory or other public provisions in force in the import state unless the same provisions exist in the export State as well, or the importer informed the exporter about such provisions existing in the import state, or the exporter had knowledge of the provisions due to special circumstances. It is stipulated in CISG that the goods conform with contract if they are fit for the purpose for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used. When questions arise concerning matters governed by the CISG that are not expressly defined in the CISG, the question is to be settled in conformity with general principles on which the convention is based. Only when such a general principle cannot be found may the tribunal turn to other sources such as UNIDROIT Principles, Principles of European Contract Law and Lex Mercatoria, etc. Interpretation of CISG should be autonomous, in the sense that it should not depend on principles and concepts derived from any national legal system. Even where a CISG rule is directly inspired by domestic law, the court should not fall back on its domestic law, but interpret the rule by reference to the CISG with a view to its international character and to the need to promote uniformity in its application and the observance of good faith in international trade.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2009

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have a wide range of domestic and industrial applications, but they are persistent in the environment. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are among the metabolites of PFCs and occur at high concentration in the environment. Korea is the largest importer of PFC compounds in the world, therefore, the accumulation of these compounds is possible. In this study, the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were determined in water samples taken from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and the Han River in Seoul, Korea. After extraction with a HLB cartridge, PFCs in the samples were analyzed by HPLC with an ion trap mass spectrometry in electrospray negative mode. Limits of detection was between 1 and 1.6 ng/l. The result showed that the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in effluent and influent of the four STPs in Seoul were 60~570 ng/l, and not detected (nd)~254 ng/l, respectively. The levels of PFOS and PFOA were higher in the effluents which passed through the treatment process than in influent water samples which was against expectation. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS in the Han River was 60~570 ng/l and nd~254 ng/l, respectively. PFOA was detected in every sample, but PFOS was only detected in the downstreams of the Han River. This result indicates that there is comprehensive contamination of PFCs in the aquatic environment in Korea.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.177-218
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• 2000

Global Electronic Trading means that trading partners trade each other via Global Electronic Trading Network, that is, global business to business electronic commerce. Recently, where the cargo arrives ahead of the B/L, the importer cannot take delivery of the cargo without the B/L. This situation is referred to as the B/L dilemma. But the BOLERO system will resolve this B/L dilemma. Bolero Project is developing a cross industry utility platform for the secure, electronic transfer of commercial trade information world wide. After the successful testing of an original pilot project, The Bolero Association was formed in 1995 by a group of interested cross industry companies. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. Bolero International Limited published the first edition of Bolero Rulebook in 1999. The Bolero Rulebook as amended from time to time, governing the relationship between Users and their rights and obligations arising from the Bolero system. The Bolero service will be governed by a multilateral contract called the Bolero Rule Book which specifies the rights and responsibilities of Bolero and its users. The Title Registry and Bolero Bill of Lading provide a fully functional equivalent to the paper bill of lading. The Bolero Bill of Lading can be created, transferred, amended, and surrendered by way of designating to order party, blank endorsement, refusal by the transferee etc. Thus, this study deals with the functions of Bolero Bill of Lading and the problems and solutions in the Bolero Bill of Lading in point of definitions and operation under the Bolero Rulebook.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.310-328
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• 2010

본 연구의 목적은 해상으로 수입되는 LCL화물(LCL Cargo)의 창고보관료 현황과 과다인상의 원인과 문제점, 창고보관료 적정화 방안을 모색함으로써 물류비 절감, 수출가격경쟁력 향상, LCL화물의 유통체계 개선에 이바지하고자 하는데 있다. 1999년 창고보관료 자율화 이후 LCL창고보관료가 10배 이상 급등하여 제품원가 상승의 요인이 되고 불법 리베이트 관행으로 국부 유출 현상까지 발생하여 심각한 사회적 문제로 부각되고 있다. 해상수입 LCL화물 창고보관료 급등 원인은 LCL화물 유통상의 리베이트 관행 고착화, 포워더의 난립 및 독점적인 창고 배정권한 행사, 관리감독기관의 관리 소홀에 있다. LCL화물 창고보관료 적정화 방안으로 창고 보관요율 상한제 도입, 창고보관요율 정보제공 의무화, 불법 리베이트 근절, 수입 LCL화물의 유통체계 개선, 수입 화주가 보세창고와 포워더를 지정하는 방안, 가칭 '최저창고보관요율서비스(LORAS : Lowest Rate Service)' 제도 도입, 창고보관료 분쟁조정위원회 구성 등을 제시하였다.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2019

본 연구는 농식품 무역적자 심화의 원인을 환율변동 위험에서 찾고, 최근 환율변동이 급격했던 2009~2013년 구간의 미국의 달러 약세 및 일본의 엔화 약세 현상이 한국 농식품 무역수지에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 일본의 양적완화가 실시된 2012년 이후 농식품 수출액이 감소하여 무역적자가 확대되었으며, 2008년 미국의 양적완화 조치로 2009~2011년 한국의 대미 수입액이 급격히 늘어 무역적자가 심화되었다. 장기적인 환율하락은 한국 농식품 수출의 감소와 수입 증가를 야기하여 한국 경제 상황에 악영향을 미치고 있었다. 따라서 정부는 농식품 수입 관리 방안을 마련해야 할 것이며, 생산농가들도 외환손실 방지를 위해 사전에 직접 환율변동 위험을 대비해야 할 것이다. 이를 위해 정부는 콘트롤타워 역할을 통해 새로운 환율변동 정보를 실시간으로 제공하여 무역상대국의 환율 공세에 효과적으로 대처해야 할 것이며, 환율상담과 교육 등 다양한 프로그램을 도입하는 동시에 환위험 관리의 중요성에 관한 홍보를 실시해야 할 것이다.

• 한국자원공학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.624-634
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• 2018

인도네시아는 신규 유전 발견이 줄어들고 원유 순수입국으로 전환됨에 따라 석유 생산을 늘리고자 공동개발계약(Kerja Sama Operasi, KSO)을 통해 소규모 광구 개발을 위한 국내 투자 유치 활성화에 노력하고 있다. 하지만 KSO는 계약자 고위험 저수익의 계약형태이며, 계약자가 석유개발에 대한 모든 비용을 지불하기에 사업 타당성 판단을 위한 경제성 평가가 필수적이다. 이 연구에서는 KSO 계약 조건을 적용하여 인도네시아 소규모 광구 개발에 대한 경제성 평가를 수행하였으며, 민감도 분석을 통해 경제성 평가 시 주요 변수를 파악하였다. 그 결과 유가, CAPEX, OPEX가 경제성 평가에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 소규모 광구에서 상업적인 생산은 다소 어려운 것으로 판단되었다. 향후 이 연구는 국내 기업이 인도네시아 자원개발 투자 시 참고 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.51-67
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• 2019

As dental implant surgery and bone grafts were widely operated in Korean dentist, many bone substitutes are commercially available, currently. For commercially used in Korea, all bone substitutes are firstly evaluated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW) for safety and efficacy of the product. After being priced, classified, and registration by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA), the post-application management is obligatory for the manufacturer (or representative importer) to receive a certificate of Good Manufacturing Practice by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Currently, bone substitutes are broadly classified into C group (bone union and fracture fixation), T group (human tissue), L group (general and dental material) and non-insurance material group in MOHW notification No. 2018-248. Among them, bone substitutes classified as dental materials (L7) are divided as xenograft and alloplastic bone graft. The purpose of this paper is to analyze alloplastic bone substitutes of 37 products in MOHW notification No. 2018-248 and to evaluate the reference level based on the ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, EMBASE (1980-2019), Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar using the criteria of registered or trademarked product name.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.394-394
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• 2023

The world's sustainable growth is being severely hampered by the inefficient use of water resources. Despite the widely acknowledged importance of trade in global and regional water and food security, societal reliance on local production as well as international trade remains inadequately assessed. Therefore, using South Korea as a case study, this study fills in this research gap by applying the virtual water concept, the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) method, and the Tapio decoupling model. The virtual water concept was used to estimate South Korea's net virtual water trade for major grain crops from 1992 to 2017. Then, the LMDI method was utilized to assess the driving factors causing changes in net virtual water trade. Lastly, the Tapio decoupling model was used to investigate the decoupling relationships between economic growth and the driving factors of net virtual water trade. Results showed that South Korea remains a net importer of virtual water flows with respect to grain crops, with an average import of 16,559.24 million m³ over the study period. In addition, the change in net virtual water trade could be attributed to water intensity effect, product structure effect, economic effect, and population effect. However, water intensity and economic effects were the major decisive factors for decrease and increase in net virtual water trade respectively, while the population and product structure effects had minor positive influences on the net virtual water trade. Furthermore, water intensity and economic growth showed a strong decoupling in most periods, while the decoupling state between product structure and economic growth was observed as expansive negative decoupling. Likewise, population size and economic growth showed a weak decoupling in most periods. The results reveal South Korea's status as it concerns the virtual water trade of grain crops, thus providing valuable insights into the sustainability of trade activities for the management of local water resources.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.104-107
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• 2023

The Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea has implemented various social security programs to ensure a basic standard of living and raise overall quality of life for all citizens. The Korean social security system provides social insurance, public assistance, and social welfare services. To achieve adequate drug benefits, the Drug Management Department of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) implement drug management duties including drug listing, upper price limit setting, scope of benefits, and post-factum management. When a manufacturer or an importer wants to apply for National Health Insurance (NHI) coverage of the drug that has obtained safety and efficacy approval, the pharmaceutical benefit assessment committee of HIRA evaluates the drug's clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness to determine whether or not to include the drug into the benefit package. The benefit standards for a listed drug (ingredient) are set either for the whole permitted range or a part of range with conditions. To increase the coverage rate for new drugs, the listed drugs are regularly reviewed for their value. The status of listed drugs can be adjusted or eliminated from the benefit package if the clinical efficacy turns out to be insignificant. Therefore, through these pharmaceutical management procedures, high-quality drugs are provided at reasonable prices, which save healthcare expenditure by price determination and selective coverage in consideration of economic evaluation.