• Title/Summary/Keyword: immune toxicity

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Recent Advances of Vaccine Adjuvants for Infectious Diseases

  • Lee, Sujin;Nguyen, Minh Trang
    • IMMUNE NETWORK
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.51-57
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    • 2015
  • Vaccines are the most effective and cost-efficient method for preventing diseases caused by infectious pathogens. Despite the great success of vaccines, development of safe and strong vaccines is still required for emerging new pathogens, re-emerging old pathogens, and in order to improve the inadequate protection conferred by existing vaccines. One of the most important strategies for the development of effective new vaccines is the selection and usage of a suitable adjuvant. Immunologic adjuvants are essential for enhancing vaccine potency by improvement of the humoral and/or cell-mediated immune response to vaccine antigens. Thus, formulation of vaccines with appropriate adjuvants is an attractive approach towards eliciting protective and long-lasting immunity in humans. However, only a limited number of adjuvants is licensed for human vaccines due to concerns about safety and toxicity. We summarize current knowledge about the potential benefits of adjuvants, the characteristics of adjuvants and the mechanisms of adjuvants in human vaccines. Adjuvants have diverse modes of action and should be selected for use on the basis of the type of immune response that is desired for a particular vaccine. Better understanding of current adjuvants will help exploring new adjuvant formulations and facilitate rational design of vaccines against infectious diseases.

Protective Effect of Chlorogenic Acid against Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity

  • Lee, Chan-Woo;Won, Tae-Joon;Kim, Hak-Rim;Lee, Dong-Ho;Hwang, Kwang-Woo;Park, So-Young
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.181-186
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    • 2011
  • Beta-amyloid (A${\beta}$) is considered as one of the major causes of Alzheimer's disease. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid, a naturally occurring polyphenol which is distributed widely in plants, fruits and vegetables, against A${\beta}$-induced toxicity. A${\beta}$ decreased significantly the viability of PC12 cells. This was accompanied by an increase in the intracellular calcium levels and cleaved caspase-3. In addition, A${\beta}$ induced an increase in Bax, and a decrease in Bcl-2 compared to the controls. However, a pre-treatment with chlorogenic acid rescued the PC12 cells from A${\beta}$ by attenuating the elevated intracellular calcium levels and reducing the levels of the apoptosis related proteins, including caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. These results suggest that the protective effects of chlorogenic acid are, at least in parts, by attenuating the intracellular calcium influx and reducing apoptosis induced by A${\beta}$.

Effect of Quercetin on the Activity and mRNA Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes and Physiological Responses in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Exposed to Cadmium

  • Shin, H.S.;Yoo, J.H.;Min, T.S.;Lee, J.;Choi, C.Y.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.742-749
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    • 2010
  • We investigated the antioxidant efficacy of quercetin (0% Diet 1, 0.25% Diet 2, and 0.5% Diet 3) pretreatment for 30 and 60 days in response to cadmium (Cd) toxicity in the olive flounder, and measured the plasma lysozyme activity to understand the immune effects of quercetin. The lysozyme activity with Diets 2 and 3 was higher than with Diet 1. Based on this result, to examine the immune ability and antioxidant role of quercetin, we exposed olive flounder fed quercetin to Cd and then measured the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). With Diets 2 and 3, the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes and the $H_2O_2$ concentration were lower than with Diet 1. In addition, the LPO levels were lower than with Diet 1, which protected the cell membrane. Therefore, quercetin removed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by Cd, indicating that quercetin has antioxidant ability. In addition to its antioxidant ability, quercetin has immune effects.

Induction of apoptosis in mouse spleen cells by Ginsenoside Rp1 (마우스 비장세포에서 Ginsenoside Rp1의 세포자멸사 유도)

  • Oh, Young-Kyun;Joo, Hong-Gu
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.53 no.3
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    • pp.143-147
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    • 2013
  • Ginsenoside Rp1 is one of ginseng saponins with chemotherapeutic activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rp1 on spleen cells. Spleen is a major immune organ consisted of crucial immune cells, such as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and some antigen-presenting cells. Although the anti-tumor potential of Rp1 was studied, the effects of Rp1 on immune cells have not investigated yet. A viability assay using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), flow cytometric analysis, Western blot analysis were used to detect cellular changes on Rp1-treated spleen cells. MTT assay showed that Rp1 decreased the viability of spleen cells. To further investigate the effects of Rp1 on activated spleen cells, we treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a representative inflammatory agent and Rp1 on spleen cells in a combination. The surface expression levels of activation markers for lymphocytes, CD25 and CD69 were measured. Apoptotic analysis revealed the cytotoxic effects of Rp1 on both na$\ddot{i}$ve and activated cells, and the expression pattern of some apoptosis-related proteins was correlated to apoptotic events of cells. Taken together, ginsenoside Rp1 increases the cellular death of spleen cells and also inhibits the LPS-induced activation of spleen cells.

Effect on Immune Cells of Proteoglycan Originating from Rhanella aquatilis (Rhanella aquatilis 유래 당단백질의 면역세포에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Hae-Gi;Kim, Kwang-Hyeon
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.42 no.3
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    • pp.312-315
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    • 2014
  • So as to evaluate its use an immune stimulator in humans, the toxicity and action against immune cells by an anti-yeast substance (AYS), a bacterial proteoglycan, were investigated. The AYS did not possess hemolytic activity with human red blood cells (hRBC). Nor did it exhibit cytotoxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMC). In addition, the AYS did not induce hPBMC proliferation, but it did agglutinate hPBMCs in vitro. Moreover, hPBMC induced inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-5, IFN-${\gamma}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ with the AYS during culture. Compared with alum, the AYS as an adjuvant has an increased antibody production rate against bovine serum albumin (BSA) in mice.

Effects of Acanthopanacis cortex Extracts on the Cytokine-inducing and Immune response in Mice (생쥐에서 오가피에 의한 싸이토카인 유도와 면역반응에 관한 효과)

  • Lim, Seok-rhin
    • Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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    • v.10 no.2
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    • pp.179-188
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    • 2002
  • This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Acanthopanacis cortex on Cytokine-inducing and and immune response in Mice. In order to investigate the effect of Acanthopanacis cortex, the following was performed; Cytotoxicity, in vitro, the fraction of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $B220^+$ in splenic cell, gene expression of IL-12(p35), IL-12(p40), IFN-${\gamma}$, and splenic cell proliferation by Acanthopanacis cortex. Analysis of cytokine gene expression was carried out by RT-PCR amplification. Amplified PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel, and the analysis (Ht) was used to 1D-density program. The results were obtained as follows. Acanthpanacis cortex showed didn't have cell toxicity under $12{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ group on mouse lung fibroblast cells. In an in vitro model using mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), extract of Acanthpanacis cortex induced multiple cytokine, including interleukin-12 (p35), interleukin-12 (p40), interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$). The extract also enhanced the percentages of the $CD4^+$, and $CD8^+$ in the untreated control were $22.1{\pm}3.3$ to $38.4{\pm}2.1$, and $5.0{\pm}0.4$ to $10.7{\pm}0.3%$, respectively. From above findings, it is suggested that Acanthopanacis cortex is able to anti-cancer and activate immune response system.

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Alterations in Macrophage Function induced by Particulate Matter 2.5 (Diesel Exhaust Particles) (Particulate Matter 2.5(Diesel Exhaust Particles)가 대식세포 기능에 미치는 영향)

  • Dong Im Kim;Kang Min Han;Seung Hoon Baek;Mi-Kyung Song;Kyuhong Lee
    • Particle and aerosol research
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.79-94
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    • 2024
  • Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) 2.5 can impair alveolar macrophages (AMs) functions and induce pathological conditions. This study explores the impact of PM2.5 exposure on AMs, focusing on gene expression changes and functional alterations. Murine AMs cell line MH-S were exposed to PM2.5 at a concentration of 100 ㎍/ml for durations of 3 and 48 hours. After 3 hours of exposure, genes involved in inflammatory and immune responses were activated, including TNF and B-cell receptor signaling pathways. In contrast, 48 hours of exposure significantly altered genes related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune processes, with PI3K-Akt and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways. PM2.5 initially triggers immune responses; however, prolonged exposure over 48 hours impairs AM functions risk of chronic inflammation and cancer. This research provides foundational data for therapeutic approaches related to PM2.5 exposure.

Protective effects of Korean red ginseng extract on cadmium-induced hepatic toxicity in rats

  • Park, Sook Jahr;Lee, Jong Rok;Jo, Mi Jeong;Park, Sang Mi;Ku, Sae Kwang;Kim, Sang Chan
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2013
  • Korean red ginseng is known to regulate the immune system and help the body struggle infection and disease. Cadmium is widely distributed in the environment due to its use in industry. Exposure to cadmium is problematic causing organ dysfunction. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In experiments, animals were orally administrated with RGE (25, 50 mg/kg) for 7 d and then intravenously injected with cadmium ($CdCl_2$, 4 mg/kg) to induce acute hepatotoxicity. Cadmium caused the elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum. In contrast, pretreatment with RGE significantly reduced those serum indexes related with liver damage. In histopathological analysis, RGE decreased the centrilobular necrosis around central veins and the peripheral hemorrhage around portal triads. Moreover, RGE restored the deficit in hepatic glutathione level resulting from cadmium treatment. RGE also inhibited the increase in the expression of Bad, a representative apoptosis marker protein, induced by cadmium treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate that RGE can reduce the cadmium-induced hepatic toxicity, partly via anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic process.

Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Kong-Jin-Dan, a Polyherbal Formula in ICR Mice

  • Park, Mee-Yeon;Choi, Hae-Yun;Kim, Jong-Dae;Lee, Hyeung-Sik;Ku, Sae-Kwang
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.245-251
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    • 2007
  • The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Kong-Jin-Dan (KJD), a polyherbal formula in male and female mice. KJD was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2000, 1000 and 500 mg/kg (body wt.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy, organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for increases of lymphoid organ weights in KJD-dosing groups. These increases of lymphoid organ weights considered that related to the immune modulate effect of KJD not toxicological signs. In addition, no KJD-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the KJD does not cause any toxicological signs. The $LD_{50}$ and approximate LD of KJD extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2000 mg/kg.

Toxicity Study of Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccine Administrated Subcutaneously in Rats

  • Park, Sin-Jeong;Seo, Kook-Heon;Han, Sang-In
    • Toxicological Research
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.111-118
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    • 2011
  • This study was performed to evaluate the toxicity of polysaccharide-based Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF), Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. S. pneumoniae vaccine was administrated subcutaneously each dose level of high (560 ${\mu}g$/rat), medium (280 ${\mu}g$/rat) and low (140 ${\mu}g$/rat) on days 0, 14, 28. The rats were observed for 2 weeks or 4 weeks after the final injection. During this test, there were no significant dose-dependent changes in body weight, water and food consumption. In urinalysis and serum chemistry, dose-related changes were not detected. In hematology, the percent of neutrophils and lymphocytes in white blood cells were changed significantly. According to the measurement of organ weight, only spleen weight was significantly increased in all groups of administration compared to the control group. In the histopathological examination, an antigen-deposit, vacuolated macrophages, infiltrated inflammatory cells and a formation of granulation tissue were observed at the site of an administration. These results are considered as an outcome by immune responses through a vaccination. Consequently, the results of this study demonstrated that S. pneumoniae vaccine has no toxicity when it was administrated subcutaneously three times in 2-week interval at a high dose of 560 ${\mu}g$/rat.