• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 1995

A few researchers have reported that major depression may be associated with higher levels of positive acute phase proteins(APPs), such as haptoglobin(Hp), ${\alpha}1$-antitrypsin(${\alpha}1AT$), ceruloplasmin(Cp) and lower levels of negative APPs(visceral proteins), such as albumin(Alb) and transferrin(Tf). Elevated levels of positive APPs and a drop in negative APPs constitute important indicators of immune activation. This study was designed to investigate whether altered serum concentrations of positive APPs and of negative APPs reflect the state of depression. Twenty patients who fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive disorder and for dysthymic disorder and twelve normal healthy controls were included. The authors measured positive APPs(Hp, ${\alpha}1AT$, Cp) and negative APPs(Alb, Tf) using rate nephelometry and bromcresol green method. 1) There were significant increases of ${\alpha}1AT$, Cp in major depressed patients as compared with normal controls. Trends towards higher Hp and lower Alb, Tf in major depressed patients were observed. 2) No significant difference of APPs concentrations between dysthymic patients and normal controls was found. 3) Severity of depression(HDRS, BDI score) was related to Hp, Cp, ${\alpha}1AT$ value positively. Our findings are partially compatible with the hypothesis that major depression may be accompanied by acute phase response with higher levels of positive APPs and lower levels of negative APPs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.693-700
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• 2002

SCRT (Sochungyong-tang) has been used for immune disease in human. The purpose of this study was effect of Helper T cell, major regulator of immune system. Spleen cell from 8 week BALB/c mice were cultured in SCRT containing medium without activation for 48 h. The MTS assay and flow cytometry revealed that SCRT treated Iympocyte were non-effect in percentage of CD4+ T cell. Subsequently CD4+ T cell were isolated and cultured in SCRT containing medium. SCRT were non-effective on CD4+ T cell without any involvement of APC. In order to evaluate the direct effect of SCRT on Helper T cell, CD4+ T cell isolated after 48 h of culture in SCRT containing medium and activated with and without anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation for 48 h. A lower level of CD69 was observed in SCRT treated cells in flow cytometry analysis. Subsequently Using RT-PCR analysis the expression of mRNA for IL-2, INF-γ are upregulated and, IL-4 is downregulated in CD4 T cell. The result suggests that SCRT makes Th1 significantly increased and Th2 relatively inhibited. The results suggest that SCRT potentiate Th1 cell and decrease Th2 development at the same time, which is believed to be bemeficial for IgE-mediated responses.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2016

Phenoloxidase (PO) is an oxidizing enzyme and plays crucial roles in insect immunity and cuticle sclerotization. High oxidizing activity of chlorine dioxide gives effective control activities against microbes and insect pests. These allowed us to assess any inhibitory activity of chlorine dioxide against PO with respect to insect immunity. PO activities of the Indeanmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was detected in both hemocytes and plasma. Upon bacterial challenge, PO activity was significantly increased especially in plasma. However, the immune challenge coupled with chlorine dioxide treatment did not enhance PO activity. When different chlorine dioxide concentrations were incubated with activated PO by immune challenge, they did not inhibit the activated PO. These results indicate that chlorine dioxide suppresses PO activity by inhibiting PO activation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.275-282
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of hemocytes in the hemolymph of the larvae of Pentodon quadridens bidentulus and the characteristics of the hemocytes responsible for cellular immunity during pathogen infection. Granulocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, spherulocytes, prohemocytes and adipohemocytes were found in the circulating hemocytes. Among them, granulocyte were observed as cells responsible for immunological phagocytosis during entry of foreign substances. In particular, it was observed that the most active phagocytic action occurred within 12 hours in vivo, and that after 24 hours, the immune activation was reduced and converted to a normal state. Plasmatocytes were occasionally observed as immunological response, but the remaining hemocytes were not related to immunological activation.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the antimetastatic and immunomodulating effects of extracts of Ulmus davidiana extracts(U. D. Ex.). Methods: Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vitro and in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and Hela cell. To observe the immunomodulating effects of U. D. Ex., we measured IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-$\alpha$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of U. D. Ex. significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% in case of Colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and Hela cell at low concentration. In case of macrophage, cell proliferation is closer to 100% less than $250{\mu}g/ml$ of U. D. Ex.. The level of cytokine such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 which stimulates U. D. Ex. was increased in dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. In case of TNF-$\alpha$, the level was increased at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/ml$. The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of U. D. Ex. on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Ulmus davidiana appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation the immune system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory and immunological activity of different parts (bone, meat, and rind) of Yeonsan Ogye (YO). In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. All parts of the YO showed no toxicity at concentrations of 1, 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Rooster's bone, hen's bone, and rind decreased the production of NO. And rooster's bone, meat, and hen's bone also attenuated TNF-${\alpha}$ production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, all parts of the YO decreased IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they all increased IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in normal RAW264.7 cells. Rooster exhibited higher immune activation and inhibitory activity on inflammation than a hen, and among different parts of the YO, bone showed the highest activity. Our results demonstrated and compared the anti-inflammatory and immunological activity of different parts of the YO. These results suggest that YO may be developed as a raw material for new health supplement food and medicine to attenuate various symptoms related to inflammation and immunity.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2007

Background: Cordyceps militaris have been reported to modify the immune and inflammatory responses both in vivo and in vitro. Macrophages play important roles in the innate immunity through the phagocytosis of antigens. This study examined the effects of Cordyceps militaris on the activation of murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Methods: The components contained in culture broth of Cordyceps militaris were purified by propyl alcohol extraction and HP 20 column chromatography to CMDB, CMDBW, CMDB5P, and CMDB25P. The amounts of nitric oxide (NO) were determined by using ELISA, Griess reagent respectively. The amounts of some cytokines were determined by using ELISA, western blot, and RT-PCR The expression levels of cell surface molecules (ICAM-1, B7-1 and B7-2) were measured by flow cytometric analysis. Results: All the components of Cordyceps militaris produced significant amounts of NO. In particular, CMDB produced much more NO in RAW 264.7 cells and primary macrophages than other fractions of Cordyceps militaris. CMDB increased significantly the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-1${\beta}$, and IL-6 dose-dependently in RAW 264.7 cells. Examination of the gene expression level also showed that the enhanced production of cytokines was correlated with the up-regulation of i-NOS expression, cycloxygenase (COX)-2 expression, IL-1${\beta}$ and IL-6 expression, and TNF-${\alpha}$ expression on the expression of mRNAs by semi-quantitative RT-PCR Western blot analysis also confirmed that CMDB enhances the expression level of these cytokines. Conclusion: These results show that CMDB stimulates the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines and can also up-regulate the gene expression levels in macrophages.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 2003

Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from Lycopus lucidus, has been reported to be a selective inducer of apoptosis in various human cancer and shown anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. We postulated that BA modulates the immunomodulatory properties at least two groups of protein mediators of inflammation, interlukin-1$\beta$ (IL-1$\beta$) and the tumor necrosis factor- $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) on the basis of the critical role of the monocytes and tissue macrophages in inflammatory and immune responses. TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ were produced by BA in a dose dependent manner at concentration of 0.625 and 10 $\mu$g/mL. The production of NO associated with iNOS was inhibited when treated with LPS at the concentration of 2.5 to 20 $\mu$g/mL of BA whereas COX-2 expression was decreased at 2.5 to 20 $\mu$g/mL. These modulations of inflammatory mediators were examined in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages. The morphology of macrophage was also examined and enhanced surface CD 40 molecule was expressed when treated BA at 0.625∼5 $\mu$g/mL with or without LPS. Furthermore, BA (20 $\mu$g/mL) enhanced apoptosis by producing DNA ladder in the RAW 264.7 cells. Our results indicated that BA induced activation of macrophage and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This may provide a molecular basis for the ability of BA to mediate macrophage, suppress inflammation, and modulate the immune response.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

IL-12 is a secretory heterodimeric cytokine composed of p35 and p40 subunits. IL-12 p35 and p40 subunits are sometimes produced as monomers or homodimers. IL-12 is also produced as a membrane-bound form in some cases. In this study, we hypothesized that the membrane-bound form of IL-12 subunits may function as a costimulatory signal for selective activation of TAA-specific CTL through direct priming without involving antigen presenting cells and helper T cells. MethA fibrosarcoma cells were transfected with expression vectors of membrane-bound form of IL-12p35 (mbIL-12p35) or IL-12p40 subunit (mbIL-12p40) and were selected under G418-containing medium. The tumor cell clones were analyzed for the expression of mbIL-12p35 or p40 subunit and for their stimulatory effects on macrophages. The responsible T-cell subpopulation for antitumor activity of mbIL-12p35 expressing tumor clone was also analyzed in T cell subset-depleted mice. Expression of transfected membranebound form of IL-12 subunits was stable during more than 3 months of in vitro culture, and the chimeric molecules were not released into culture supernatants. Neither the mbIL-12p35-expressing tumor clones nor mbIL-12p40-expressing tumor clones activated macrophages to secrete TNF-${\alpha}$. Growth of mbIL-12p35-expressing tumor clones was more accelerated in the $CD8^+$ T cell-depleted mice than in $CD4^+$ T cell-depleted or normal mice. These results suggest that $CD8^+$ T cells could be responsible for the rejection of mbIL-12p35-expressing tumor clone, which may bypass activation of antigen presenting cells and $CD4^+$ helper T cells.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.98-105
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• 2009

Background: It has been recently noticed that type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the most common metabolic diseases, causes a chronic low-grade inflammation and activation of the innate immune system that are closely involved in the pathogenesis of T2D. Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal mushroom, produces a component compound, cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine). Cordycepin has been known to have many pharmacological activities including immunological stimulating, anti-cancer, and anti-infection activities. The molecular mechanisms of cordycepin in T2D are not clear. In the present study, we tested the role of cordycepin on the anti-diabetic effect and anti-inflammatory cascades in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Methods: We confirmed the levels of diabetes regulating genes mRNA and protein of cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis and followed by FACS analysis for the surface molecules. Results: Cordycepin inhibited the production of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ in LPS-activated macrophages via suppressing protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. T2D regulating genes such as $11{\beta}$-HSD1 and PPAR${\gamma}$ were decreased as well as expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1 and B7-1/-2 were also decreased with the increment of its concentration. In accordance with suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production lead to inhibition of diabetic regulating genes in activated macrophages. Cordycepin suppressed NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-activated macrophages. Conclusion: Based on these observations, cordycepin suppressed T2D regulating genes through the inactivation of NF-${\kappa}B$ dependent inflammatory responses and suggesting that cordycepin will provide potential use as an immunomodulatory agent for treating immunological diseases.