• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1993

This study is to investigate the stress and stress degree in mothers of autistic children. In order to obtain data for planning nursing strategies for mothers of autistic children The assessment tool for the stress was constructed through reviewing literatures on the stress and gathering the stress items by nonstructed face to face interviewing 14 mothers of autistic children The stress tool consists of 74 items each with five point rating scale A data collection was made front 160 mothers of autistic children from 11 institutions for autistic children in Seoul and Kyung-Ki province. The reliability coefficients by Cronbach's a test was 0.94 for the stress scale. The results are as follows : 1) The mean of stress is 3.19, in the area of the etiology, prognosis and the treatment-education, with cause of the treatment the edeucatlon and the prognosis of child's handicap. The mean of stress is 2.85 In the area of the negative of mother's self image, 2.45 in the area of the mother's ordinary life. The mean of stress was 2.05, lowest in the family and social relationship 2) The mean score for the total was 2.62 points. The items with highest stress score were 'All autistic child has not been understood by the society', 'If we die, 1'm afraid that this child will not be cared by someone', 'There is no institution that the child get the schoolibg', etc The stress item with the lowest mean score were 'Keep away the child from husband', 'Being divorced by husband', etc. 3) An analysis of relationship of stress degree to general characteristic shows a statisically significants difference in the number of children in the family and the cognition of the seventy of the child problem

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2001

Purpose : 99mTc DMSA renal scan have been widely used not only for tile evaluation of renal scars but also for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Recent studies have shown SPECT images have higher accuracy than the planar images with some controversy. We evaluated the availability of the SPECT images adding to planar images for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis(APN) and renal scar in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods : 130 children with UTI (260 kidney units) and 22 follow-up children (44 kidney units) were included between January 1, 1997 and July 31, 1999 at Ewha University Mokdong Hospital. Planar Anterior and posterior images and SPECT axial and coronal images of 99mTc DMSA renal scan were obtained with Starcam 4000-i U.S.A. GE at 3 hours after 99mTc DMSA I.V. injection. The data were analyzed by Chi square test after Yates's correction. Results : The detection rate of the acute pyelonephritis by SPECT images was 12.3$\%$ higher than that of planar images ($47.7\%\;vs\;35.4\%$) by the patient and 6.9$\%$ higher also ($31.9\%\;vs\;25.4\%$) by the kidney unit. 18 kidney units with negative planar images had focal defect in 10 kidney units (3.8$\%$) and multifocal defect in 8 kidney units (3.1$\%$) on SPECT images, but 1 kidney unit with positive planar image had negative SPECT image. SPECT images were superior to tile planar images in 17.3$\%$. identical in 82.3$\%$ and inferior in 0.4$\%$ to planar image. The detection rate of tile renal scars by SPECT images was 13.7$\%$ higher than planar images by the patient ($68.2\%\;vs\;54.5\%$) and 6.8$\%$ higher also ($43.2\%\;vs\;36.4\%$) by the kidney unit. SPECT images were superior to the planar images in 17.3$\%$ and identical in 82.3$\%$ to planar image. Conclusion SPECT images had shown higher detection rate and better image than planar images for the diagnosis of the acute pyelonephritis and the evaluation of the renal scars. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 22- 9, 2001)

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.162-177
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• 2011

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to investigate the 'structure' of an elementary school teacher's practical knowledge concerning science experiment lessons. A female elementary teacher in the early career years participated in the study, and video recordings of her science experiment lessons as well as audio-taped interviews with her were analyzed by means of Elbaz's framework. The teacher expressed six images of science experiment lessons: 'Science is difficult', 'Experiments are dangerous', 'Experiments are accurate', 'A science experiment takes a long time', 'Science experiments are interesting', and 'Children are little scientists.' These images were supported by several principles and rules, most of which were clearly described. Among the images, principles, and rules, there were complex relationships with some working in synergy and some conflicting. In case of the image 'Children are little scientists', its subordinate principles and rules were not fully realized in the classroom. Implications for science teaching reform and science education research were discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.638-648
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• 2016

This research is to verify early child teachers' ego-strength and self-efficacy that effect to problem solving. The subjects are included 293 in-service teachers in K city and J province. The research tools are ego-strength scale, self-efficacy scale and problem-solving scale. The data is disposed of t-test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation and regression analysis. As a result, eco-strength, self-efficacy and problem-solving that have a correlation, in addition, variable to effect to self-strength and self-efficacy as solving problems. Therefore, early child teachers are able to own psychological conflict and anxiety which can be disturbing in teaching young children in warm and comfortable ways. It is required to develop a self-growth program to increase ego-strength, self-efficacy, and problem-solving.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.271-283
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• 2001

The childbearing process is a sociocultural phenomenon of a woman who gives birth to a child as well as a biological phenomenon. The purpose of this ethnographic research study was to explore the experience of childbearing process of mothers with children from pregnancy to the 3 months postpartum in Korea and to understand deeply the perspectives of childbearing women reflected on Korean sociocultural values. A convenient sample of 10 childbearing women were observed from January to October 2000 through field work in Seoul, Korea. Data analysis was accomplished under ongoing process. The results of this study were as follows : The mothers with children experienced self-reflection, family relation, and physical adaptation during pregnancy. In self-reflection, all mothers experienced universality and diversity in their self-discovering process. The universal experiences were maturation, life with family and priority on maternal value between being a mother and a woman. The diverse experiences were taking a dual role of working mother, emotional drift of a resigned mother, and disheartened life of a mother who has two daughters. In family relation, the foundation of the new marital relationship were attained during childbearing process and sexual life were changed for the benefit of a healthy mother and a healthy baby. All mothers established friendly relations with their mothers, but established friendly or conflicting or constraining relations with their mother-in-laws due to husband based family culture. In physical adaptation, the informants endured well the physical discomfort and recognized general appearance change. Also maternal-fetal interaction occurred and mothers realistically felt motherhood and accepted themselves as mother-to-be. The mothers prepared for the best delivery, look for a safe childbirth center, newborn goods, endorsed family coping during hospitalization and responded labor pain to make it more endurable, less painful, fast passed owing to labor recognition of the natural process to be a mother. After childbirth, they felt emancipation, satisfaction, accomplishment, more easiness, actually feeling as mother-to-be, emptiness, and showed response to the sex of newborn. Their Sanhujori practice was different according to the Sanhujori environment including provider, place, time in postpartum and reflected on Sanhubyung. The mothers felt actually mother-to-be and happiness during lactation regardless of feeding pattern. These mothers had a different maternal image about rearing subjecthood through their child-rearing experience. But all mothers felt need for family support and social support. The universal rearing response were actual feeling of mother-to-be, a strenuous experience, a pride on child-rearing, confusion, reflecting marital relationship, and wondering rivalry among children. In conclusion, mother of all with children went through self-discovery, self-reflection and made connections with the family as a mother and as a woman simultaneously during the childbearing process. Therefore it is suggested when harmony and balance between a mother and a woman is accomplished, the woman will lead a healthy and high quality of life. Also, this study sought to confirm the sociocultural factors affecting the childbearing process from the perspectives of the women with children. Therefore health care providers must understand deeply the childbearing women with children based on this finding of and try a integrative approach with new ideology of maternity with biocultural perspectives in a clinical setting.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.129-136
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• 2015

Korea is changing rapidly from a single-raced nation into a multi-national nation caused by the huge number of immigrants mostly from China, and Southeast Asian countries. Therefore, various social problems are expressed ostensibly, one of them is a difficulty suffered by children of the second generation of multi-cultural families who enroll to elementary schools in Korea. This should be solved urgently as it is predicted to be an unavoidable problem in future. Only by understanding and accepting mutual cultural differences will be the solution to various problems caused by multi-cultural society. This study aims to understand the differences of emotion about the spatial images. This study was target to Korean and Malaysian design students to perform vocabulary appraisals on the spatial images in school health rooms which used to perform various functions for education, counseling, treatment, etc. The emotional vocabularies used at the appraisal for emotion are based on IRI image languages, which were extracted by the experts, and frequency was progressed by the SPSS 12.0 application. The collected data will be compared and analyzed to ensure the reliability.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2011

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics of late-onset epilepsy combined with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the relationship between certain types of electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities in ASD and associated neuropsychological problems. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with ASD in early childhood and later developed clinical seizures were reviewed retrospectively. First, the clinical characteristics, language and behavioral regression, and EEG findings of these late-onset epilepsy patients with ASD were investigated. The patients were then classified into 2 groups according to the severity of the EEG abnormalities in the background rhythm and paroxysmal discharges. In the severe group, EEG showed persistent asymmetry, slow and disorganized background rhythms, and continuous sharp and slow waves during slow sleep (CSWS). Results: Between the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in mean age (P=0.259), age of epilepsy diagnosis (P=0.237), associated family history (P=0.074), and positive abnormal magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings (P=0.084). The severe EEG group tended to have more neuropsychological problems (P=0.074). The severe group statistically showed more electrographic seizures in EEG (P=0.000). Rett syndrome was correlated with more severe EEG abnormalities (P=0.002). Although formal cognitive function tests were not performed, the parents reported an improvement in neuropsychological function on the follow up checkup according to a parent's questionnaire. Conclusion: Although some ASD patients with late-onset epilepsy showed severe EEG abnormalities, including CSWS, they generally showed an improvement in EEG and clinical symptoms in the longterm follow up. In addition, severe EEG abnormalities tended to be related to the neuropsychological function.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the images of children and adults that is reflected in TV commercial advertisements. For this purpose, 241 public TV advertisements were collected from the domestic ads information sites. The analysis criteria used for this study was the one modified from the ads analysis tool developed by Young-hee Ha(2011). The results showed that the number of ads employing the child model was varied according to the product item. The child model appeared the most in the ads for food/beverage and secondly, the ones for computer/electric home appliances. Furthermore, the child model behaved very similarly to the adults in the ads, especially in the aspect of positive communication. And both adult and a child models tended to have the main role in ads. Regarding the relationships among model characters, cooperative relationship between an adult and a child appeared the most and there were lots of family relationships. The results imply that a child in our society is becoming a considerable family member referred for making decision in purchasing commercial products. In addition, it is discussed that the child's image reflected in the ads would have influence on a child viewer's self image.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.309-311
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• 2009

Cervical cord compression due to osteochondroma in hereditary multiple exostosis (HME) is a rare condition, especially in young children. In this report, we discuss a rare case of cervical osteochondroma presenting as Brown-Sequard syndrome (BSS) in a 7-year-old boy with HME. The child was admitted because of hemiparesis involving the right limbs and hypoesthesia on the left side following mild trauma. MR image revealed cord compression by osteochondroma of the C7 lamina. We removed the osteocondroma and the neurological deficit was improved.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

Objective : This paper aimed to measure the relationship between the performance of Korean handwriting and visual fixation for children. Methods : Twenty-one typically developing children aged 7 to 9 years participated in the study. The children performed Korean handwriting task wearing Tobii Pro Glasses 2. The Korean handwriting task consisted of 10 words from elementary school textbooks. The handwriting skill was measured by the coefficient variation of the letter size and the fixation cound and duration. Correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relation between visual fixation and the coefficient variation of the letter size. Results : The results showed that the visual fixation per second was positively correlated with Korean handwriting vertical size coefficient variation, indicating that the more consistent the vertical size of the letter, the smaller the fixation count per second. Conclusion : The results suggested a relation between the performance of Korean handwriting and visual fixation in typically developing children. This study is the first attempt to measure eye movement during the Korean handwriting process, and suggests a future direction for research on students' development in writing Korean.