• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.20-27
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of three methods for measuring iliotibial tract length in 40 knees of 20 subjects. The measurements were performed by two examiners and one assistant. The length of the iliotibial tract was measured using three methods: the first used a modified Ober test with an inclinometer, the second used a modified Ober test with a marker, and the third used active adduction test with a marker in the supine position. Each examiner used the three methods in two sessions. For the first method, the inclinometer value was recorded manually. For the second and third methods, Image J analysis software was used to analyze the photographs taken. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the measured value was assessed by means of intra-class correlation coefficients [ICC (3,1)] and the standard error of measurement. The intra-rater reliabilities of the three methods were excellent (ICC=.97, .95, and .94, respectively), and the inter-rater reliabilities of the first and second methods were fair to good (ICC=.64 and .65, respectively). The inter-rater reliability of the third method was excellent (ICC=.88). Our results suggest that the active adduction test is an objective and qualitative measurement method for measuring iliotibial tract length. We recommend that the active adduction test be used for measuring iliotibial tract length in the clinical setting.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.173-186
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effect of platelet rich plasma on the treatment of Grade II furcation involvement, with Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone(Dembone(R)) and bioabsorable membrane(BioMesh(R)) in humans by digital subtraction radiography. 12 teeth(control group) were treated with Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone(Dembone(R)) and bioabsorable membrane(BioMesh(R)), and 12 teeth(test group) were treated with Demineralized Freeze-Dried Bone(Dembone(R)), bioabsorable membrane(BioMesh(R)) and Platelet Rich Plasma. The change of bone density was assessed by digital subtraction radiography in this study. The change of mineral content by as much as 5%(vol) could be perceived in the subtracted images. The change of mineral content was assessed in the method that two radiographs are put into computer program to be overlapped and the previous image is subtracted by the later one. Both groups were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test and Mann-whitney Test using SPSS program (5% significance level). The results were as follows: 1. In test group, the radiopacity in 3 months after surgery were significantly increased than 1 month after surgery(p<0.05). However. there were no significant difference between 1 month after surgery and 3 months after surgery in control group(p>0.05). 2. In test and control group, the radiopacity in 6 months after surgery were significantly increased than 1 month after surgery(p<0.05) 3. In test and control group, the radiopacity in 6 months after surgery were significantly increased than 3 months after surgery(p<0.05). 4. There were no significant difference between test group and control group at 1 month, 3 months after surgery, but radiopacity in test group were significantly increased than control group at 6 months after surgery(p<0.05). In conclusion, Platelet Rich Plasma can enhance bone density.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of present study was to evaluate the internal adaptation of composite restorations using different adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: Typical class I cavities were prepared in 32 human third molars. The teeth were divided into the following four groups: 3-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step self-etch and 1-step self-etch system were used. After the dentin adhesives were applied, composite resins were filled and light-cured in two layers. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated, and all of the samples were scanned by micro-CT before and after thermo-mechanical load cycling. For each image, the length to which silver nitrate infiltrated, as a percentage of the whole pulpal floor length, was calculated (%SP). To evaluate the internal adaptation using conventional method, the samples were cut into 3 pieces by two sectioning at an interval of 1 mm in the middle of the cavity and they were dyed with Rhodamine-B. The cross sections of the specimens were examined by stereomicroscope. The lengths of the parts where actual leakage was shown were measured and calculated as a percentage of real leakage (%RP). The values for %SP and %RP were compared. Results: After thermo-mechanical loading, all specimens showed significantly increased %SP compared to before thermo-mechanical loading and 1-step self-etch system had the highest %SP (p < 0.05). There was a tendency for %SP and %RP to show similar microleakage percentage depending on its sectioning. Conclusions: After thermo-mechanical load cycling, there were differences in internal adaptation among the groups using different adhesive systems.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2000

The lens mass determined from the photometrically obtained Einstein time scale suffers from large uncertainty due to the lens parameter degeneracy. The uncertainty can be substantially reduced if the mass is determined from the lens proper motion obtained from astrometric measurements of the source image centroid shifts, ${\delta}{\theta}_c$, by using high precision interferometers from space-based platform such as the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), and ground-based interferometers soon available on several 8-10m class telescopes. However, for the complete resolution of the lens parameter degeneracy it is required to determine the lens parallax by measuring the parallax-induced deviations in the centroid shifts trajectory, ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ aloe. In this paper, we investigate the detectabilities of ${\delta}{\theta}_c$ and ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ by determining the distributions of the maximum centroid shifts, $f({\delta}{\theta}_{c,max})$, and the average maximum deviations, $(<{\Delta}{\delta}_{c,max}>)$, for different types of Galactic microlensing events caused by various masses. From this investigation, we find that as long as source stars are bright enough for astrometric observations it is expected that $f({\delta}{\theta}_c)$ for most events caused by lenses with masses greater than 0.1 $M_\bigodot$ regardless of the event types can be easily detected from observations by using not only the SIM (with a detection threshold but also the ${\delta}{\theta}_{th}\;\~3{\mu}as)$ but also the ground-based interferometers $(with\;{\delta}{\theta}_{th}\;\~3{\mu}as)$. However, from ground-based observations, it will be difficult to detect ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ for most Galactic bulge self-lensing events, and the detection will be restricted only for small fractions of disk-bulge and halo-LMC events for which the deviations are relatively large. From observations by using the SIM, on the other hand, detecting ${\Delta}{\delta}{\theta}_c$ will be possible for majority of disk and halo events and for a substantial fraction of bulge self-lensing events. For the complete resolution of the lens parameter degeneracy, therefore, SIM observations will be essential.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.277-297
• /
• 2023

In mathematics, the concept of convolution is widely used. The convolution operation is required for understanding computer vision and deep learning in artificial intelligence. Therefore, it is vital for this concept to be explained in college mathematics education. In this paper, we present our new teaching and learning materials on convolution available for engineering mathematics. We provide the knowledge and applications on convolution with Python-based code, and introduce Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) used for image classification as an example. These materials can be utilized in class for the teaching of convolution and help students have a good understanding of the related knowledge in artificial intelligence.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.289-299
• /
• 2019

Various sizes of ROVs are being utilized in offshore industrial, scientific, and military applications all around the world. Because of innovative developments in science and technology, image acquisition devices such as sonar devices and cameras have been reduced in size and their performance has been improved. Thus, we can expect better accuracy and higher resolution even in the case of exploration using a small ROV. The purpose of this paper is to prepare a standard procedure for the identification of unidentified hazardous materials found during the National Oceanographic Survey. In this paper, we propose an IDEF (Integrated DEFinition) method modeling technique to identify unidentified targets using a small ROV. In accordance with the proposed procedure, an ROV survey was carried out on target No.16 with a four-ton-class fishing boat as a support vessel on September 18th of 2018 in the sea near Daebu Island. Unidentified targets, which were not known by the multi-beam data obtained from the ship, could be identified as concrete pipes by analyzing the HD camera and high-resolution sonar images acquired by the ROV. The whole proposed procedure could be verified, and the survey with the small ROV required about 10 days to identify the target in one place.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.4 s.62
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2005

The expected demands for the new styling design can be studied by examining the recent deliveries and the new buildings on order. These ships are setting the trend for the operation of passenger ships. There has been a rapid increase in size and produce of ship some remarkable exterior design image. These ships follow very similar design concept, even if their operator compete with each other in the same market. But also new innovative design solution have been introduced to catch the interest of the passengers. The propose of this study is to investigate the exterior styling design in passenger ships, which result form examining the exterior elements such as funnels, pods, hulls, trademark, colours, flowing curvilinear lines and from. Each different passenger ship lines require different design style for different markets, while ships of different sizes and categories obviously require different solution. When a new class is created later, key design element will be retained, with some items being changed and new ideas introduced.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.133-137
• /
• 2015

The Galactic center uniquely provides opportunities to resolve how star clusters form in neutral gas overdensities engulfed in a large-scale accretion flow. We have performed sensitive Green Bank 100m Telescope (GBT), Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA), and Submillimeter Array (SMA) mapping observations of molecular gas and thermal dust emission surrounding the Galaxy's supermassive black hole (SMBH) Sgr $A^{\ast}$. We resolved several molecular gas streams orbiting the center on ${\gtrsim}10$ pc scales. Some of these gas streams appear connected to the well-known 2-4 pc scale molecular circumnuclear disk (CND). The CND may be the tidally trapped inner part of the large-scale accretion flow, which incorporates inflow via exterior gas filaments/arms, and ultimately feeds gas toward Sgr $A^{\ast}$. Our high resolution GBT+JVLA $NH_3$ images and SMA+JCMT 0.86 mm dust continuum image consistently reveal abundant dense molecular clumps in this region. These gas clumps are characterized by ${\gtrsim}100$ times higher virial masses than the derived molecular gas masses based on 0.86 mm dust continuum emission. In addition, Class I $CH_3OH$ masers and some $H_2O$ masers are observed to be well associated with the dense clumps. We propose that the resolved gas clumps may be pressurized gas reservoirs for feeding the formation of 1-10 solar-mass stars. These sources may be the most promising candidates for ALMA to probe the process of high-mass star-formation in the Galactic center.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
• /
• v.56 no.5
• /
• pp.947-971
• /
• 2010

Anna Letitia Barbauld's poem "Washing-Day" (1797) has sparked a variety of feminist critical endeavors over the past two decades. While many feminist literary critics try to salvage the poem as a successful tongue-in-cheek riposte directed at the male dominant literary world, more rigorous Marxist feminists accuse Barbauld of being limited by her own middle-class woman's view on women's domestic labor. Legitimate as they may be, these readings fail to elucidate Barbauld's place in a larger literary and intellectual discourse during the eighteenth century. In this paper I read "Washing-Day" as a woman's georgic, a genre or mode concerned with agricultural labor, the public value of which was highly recognized in eighteenth-century England. Alluding to canonical texts by writers like Shakespeare, Milton, and Pope, Barbauld's "loaded lines" in mock-heroic form create a space in which the women's domestic labor of washing interrupts men's daily routines and disrupts their poetic assumptions. While she makes women's work visible, Barbauld also addresses its quintessential nature. Women's work is affective labor; women have to labor physically and mentally to produce the desired domestic comfort. By allowing the image of the soap "bubble" to echo with many "bubbles" in other writers' texts, from the soap bubbles the narrator used to play with as a child to the hot-air balloon "bubble" of the Montgolfier brothers, Barbauld pleasantly equates work and day-dreaming, men's toil and children's play, and finally public, scientific, and recognized labor and private, domestic, and imaginative activities.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
• /
• v.9 no.7
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2018

Feature selection, one of data preprocessing techniques, is one of major research areas in many applications dealing with large dataset. It has been used in pattern recognition, machine learning and data mining, and is now widely applied in a variety of fields such as text classification, image retrieval, intrusion detection and genome analysis. The proposed method is based on a genetic algorithm which is one of meta-heuristic algorithms. There are two methods of finding feature subsets: a filter method and a wrapper method. In this study, we use a wrapper method, which evaluates feature subsets using a real classifier, to find an optimal feature subset. The training dataset used in the experiment has a severe class imbalance and it is difficult to improve classification performance for rare classes. After preprocessing the training dataset with SMOTE, we select features and evaluate them with various machine learning algorithms.