• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.400-411
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• 2002

This study was performed to identify the drug use and reuse relating characteristics and reuse relating factors in illegal drug users. Subjects consisted of 88 illegal drug users. Some of them were confined in a mental hospital or National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital located in Chung-nam province, others on attending a drug abuse prevention program in Seoul Probational Institute. Data were collected during the period from February 1, 2002 to February 25, 2002, and analyzed by SAS program. version 6.12. for Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson Correlation, Multiple regression. Results were as follows; 1. Drug use characteristics were as follows. $19.3\%$ was has drug family history and $20.7\%$ was has alcohol family history. Main drug was Phillopon$44.3\%$, inhalants $35.2\%$, LSD et al $22.7\%$. Drug use rate of months was everyday $31.2\%$, every other day $24.4\%$. 2. $100\%$ has experienced abstinence and reuse. Abstinence period was less than 12 months in $49.4\%$ and reuse period was less than 6 months in $58.6\%$. 3. Drug use and reuse characteristics related to general characteristics was identified as below. Abstinence period of male was longer than that of female. Person who have drug family history experienced more drugs and person who have family alcohol history started earlier. 4. Reuse periods was correlated with abstinence periods, age. And abstinence period was correlated with age and outcome that following reuse. 5. The multiple regression was used to identify the relating factors that influence reuse period and abstinence period. At the state of controlling abstinence period. inhalants users have 10.07 days shorter reuse period than others. And abstinence period had lengthened age, bad health status, early initiate age, and long reuse period.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.405-412
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• 2016

성기능개선, 원기증강 등에 효과가 있는 것으로 판매되고 있는 식품 등에서 발기부전치료제 및 그 유사물질 등이 불법적으로 혼입되어 검출되고 있다. 이들 부정물질이 혼입된 불량식품은 안전성과 유효성이 입증되지 않았기 때문에 국민건강을 위협할 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 식품과 가짜 발기부전치료제에 불법 혼입된 부정물질을 모니터링하기 위하여, 해외 인터넷 사이트와 오프라인 매장에서 성기능개선, 원기증진을 표방하는 식품과 최음제, 가짜 발기부전치료제 161건을 구입하였다. 시험방법의 유효성 검증을 위하여 선택성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확성, 정밀성을 검토하였다. LC-PDA와 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 부정물질 54종을 동시분석한 결과, 48건의 시료에서 7종의 부정물질(요힘빈, 이카린, 실데나필, 타다라필, 클로로프레타다라필, 데메틸실데나필, 디메틸치오실데나필)이 검출되었다. 성기능개선이나 최음제로 판매되는 제품에는 부정물질이 혼입될 가능성이 있으므로, 이들 제품을 구입할 때는 각별한 주의가 필요하다.

• 분석과학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.65-83
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• 2008

식품에 첨가할 수 없는 의약품이나 화학합성물질이 함유된 부정유해식품이 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 발기부전치료제 성분인 실데나필, 바데나필 및 타다라필의 화학구조를 변형한 미지의 물질이 검출되고 있다. 또한 기존 식품의 기준규격 검사에 따른 단속을 피하기 위하여 성기능강화 등 치료효능을 지닌 의약품 성분의 화학구조를 변형한 불법으로 합성한 부정유해물질은 안전성이 전혀 입증되지 않았으므로 그 위해성이 우려되고 있다. 따라서 식품의 안전성을 확보하기 위하여 발기부전치료제의 화학구조를 변형한 호모실데나필, 홍데나필, 슈도바데나필, 아미노타다라필, 하이드록시호모실데나필, 하이드록시홍데나필, 디메틸실데나필, 잔소안트라필, 하이드록시바데나필, 노르네오실데나필, 데메틸홍데나필, 피페리디노홍데나필, 카보데나필, 치오실데나필, 디메틸치오실데나필, 아세틸바데나필의 총 16개의 발기부전치료 성분의 유사물질 관련 자료와 식품 중 부정유해물질의 규명 및 분석 현황을 정리하였다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.397-404
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• 2016

최근 국내에서 불법 유해정보의 양은 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며, 중소기업, 공공기관 등의 게시판에 불법 유해정보 글들이 많이 게시되고 있다. 불법 유해정보를 통해 범죄로 이어질 가능성이 크기 때문에 이를 탐지하는 시스템이 필요하다. 현재 국내의 불법 유해정보 탐지는 인력에 의해 수동적으로 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 공개출처정보(OSINT)를 통해 불법 유해정보 중 마약 판매 게시글의 URL 탐지를 자동화하는 연구를 진행하였다. 이 시스템은 마약 판매 게시글의 단어를 분석하고, 해당 단어로 검색어 사전을 만들었다. 검색어 사전 기반으로 검색되는 마약판매 의심 URL을 구글 검색엔진을 활용하여 자동으로 수집하였다. 수집 URL을 도메인별로 분류하였으며, 도메인을 수집 URL 개수별로 도식화하여 실제 불법 유해정보를 찾아내었다. 이 자동화 탐지 시스템을 활용하면 모니터 요원의 수동적인 탐지업무로 인한 시간과 노력의 소비 문제를 해결할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.424-429
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• 2016

비만은 전세계적으로 심각한 문제로 인식되고 있다. 최근 체중감소와 유지를 위한 다이어트제품에 비만치료제와 그 유사물질, 사용금지 성분들이 발견되고 있다. 정부의 감시를 피하기 위하여, 비만치료제의 화학구조를 일부 변형시킨 유사물질이 지속적으로 합성되고 있다. 부정물질이 혼입된 다이어트식품을 신속하게 검사하기 위하여, 국내에서 판매되는 제품과 해외 인터넷 사이트에서 128건의 다이어트제품을 구매하였으며, HPLC-PDA와 LC-MS/MS로 21종의 부정물질을 동시분석하였다. 시험법의 유효성 검증은 선택성, 직선성, 검출한계, 정량한계, 정확성, 정밀성을 검토하였다. 분석결과 31건의 시료에서 부정물질이 검출되었으며, 검출수준은 시부트라민 9.9-135.3 mg/g, 요힘빈 0.2-17.5 mg/g, 이카린 1.8 mg/g이었다. 본 연구의 부정물질 분석법은 간단하면서도 신속한 분석법으로, 식품안전관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 분석과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.171-178
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• 2018

Recently, for successful lactation, many breastfeeding mothers seek various products, including herbal medicine, dietary supplements, and prescribed medicines, to improve milk production. As demand for galactogogues grows, it is highly possible that pharmaceutical galactogogues may be adulterated with illegal products to maximize their efficacy. For continuous control and supervision of illegal products, we developed and validated a simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method capable of simultaneously determining five galactogogues. Chromatographic separation was conducted using an Agilent Poroshell $120SB-C_{18}$ column with a mobile phase consisting of 20 mM ammonium formate (pH 5.4) and 100 % acetonitrile. The total run time was 13 min per analyte. The proposed method was performed according to the guidelines of the International Conference of Harmonization and it produced reliable results. This method showed high sensitivity and specificity, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01-0.82 ng/mL and 0.02-2.45 ng/mL, respectively, for the solid- and liquid-type samples. Specificity was evaluated by analyzing matrix-blank samples spiked with the target compounds at LOQ levels, which provided a good separation of all peaks without interference. Additionally, the repeatability and intermediate precision were typically <15 %, whereas the recovery was 80-120 % of the values obtained using blank samples. Thus, we concluded that this method could be used for the identification and quantification of galactogogues in food or herbal products.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.17-22
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• 1991

Great attention form a public health aspect has centered on the safety of tissues residues of veterinary drugs and environmental contaminants, with intensification of animal husbandry, the use of veterinary drugs will become increasingly important. Heavy responsibility is placed on the veterinarian and livestock producer to observe the period for withdrawal of drug prior to slaughter to assure that illegal concentrations of drug residues in meat, milk and egg do not occur. Every nation has their own regulations in relation to the residues and the guidelines on the use of veterinary drugs to fulfil the regulations, and their own national residue programs to monitoring and eliminate illegal products. Good practice of veterinary drug by users and governmental surveillance programs are very important to ensure animal food safety.

• 분석과학
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2016

Distribution of various illegal or counterfeit drugs of seven approved erectile dysfunction drugs and their analogues has been increased, causing health problems such as cardiovascular disorder, tachycardia, headache, or vision disturbance. We used liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) to determine the erectile dysfunction drugs and their analogues in various counterfeit drugs. Eleven erectile dysfunction drugs and their analogues were detected, with sildenafil and its analogues being the most counterfeited compounds (73.8 %), followed by tadalafil and its analogues (25.4 %). The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) of liquid-type and solid-type negative samples ranged from 0.1 to 3.3 ng/mL or ng/g and from 0.3 to 10.0 ng/mL or ng/g, respectively. The recoveries ranged from 84.3 to 112.3 % and 83.2 to 110.2 %, respectively. The contents of sildenafil and tadalafil in the various counterfeit drugs ranged from 21.0 to 947.5 mg/g and from 0.2 to 170.2 mg/g, respectively.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2015

Background: Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors (PDE5Is), which are prescription drug in South Korea, have been concerned about misuse, overuse and illegal provision of the drugs. This study was performed to investigate utilization and safety of illegal Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors (PDE5Is), and related factors among South Korean men. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted from May to July in 2013 among 1,500 nationally representative general males using computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). The questionnaire included the characteristics of population, the characteristics of PDE5Is use, the experience with the use of illegally obtained PDE5Is, and adverse events after PDE5Is use. Results: Among study population, the 1,015 (67.7%) men answered that they have used the illegally obtained PDE5Is. Younger age, single, lower frequency of PDE5Is use in a lifetime was associated with an increased use of illegally obtained PDE5Is. The men experienced adverse events after PDE5Is use is 528 (35.2%). The most common adverse event was mild to moderate hot flashes. Conclusion: We need to enhance awareness about the risk of illegally obtained PDE5Is use, especially in younger men and single. Proactive educations and public relations on safe use of PDE5Is for proper patients are needed.

• 약학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.240-243
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• 2010

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) screening method revealed that a propolis product marketed as a functional food contained an undeclared substance similar to tadalafil, the active ingredient of the prescription drug Cialis$^{(R)}$ approved for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction. In order to identify the illegal additive, the propolis product was extracted with methylene chloride, and the extract was purified further using semipreparative HPLC. The chemical structure of the isolated substance was elucidated based on IR, LC/MS-ESI, and $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR spectroscopy, which showed the characteristics similar to tadalafil. The only difference was the substitution of the methyl group at the piperazinedione ring of tadalafil to the amino group of the identified illegal additive.