• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.812-818
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• 2009

This study evaluated the effects of live yeast and yeast cell-wall mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation onperformance and nutrient digestibility during early lactation in cows fed a diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa hay as forage sources. Eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows (average days in milk, 27${\pm}$6) were used in a replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Diets contained 45% forage and 55% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis and treatments were: i) basal diet without additive (Control), ii) basal diet with 32 g/d of mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), iii) basal diet with $1.2{\times}10^{10}$ colony forming units per day (cfu/d) of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM 1-1077; SC), and iv) basal diet with a mixture of MOS (32 g/d) and SC ($1.2{\times}10^{10}$ cfu/d; MOS+SC). Treatments had no effect (p>0.05) on DM intake and yields of milk, 3.5% fat-(FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM), and on milk fat percentage, body condition score and blood metabolites. Compared with the Control, only supplementation of SC resulted in numerically higher yields of FCM (41.9 vs. 40.1 kg/d) and ECM (41.8 vs. 40.3 kg/d), and milk fat percentage (3.64 vs. 3.43%). While the MOS diet had no effects on performance compared to the Control, the combination treatment MOS+SC increased milk protein percentage (p<0.05). Also, the MOS supplementation, both alone or in combination with SC, numerically increased milk fat percentage. The SC supplementation increased apparent digestibility of DM and crude protein while the MOS supplementation did not affect digestibility. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ruminal pH were similar across treatments. Overall results indicated that supplementation of MOS produced variable and inconsistent effects on rumen metabolism and performance, whereas SC supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and numerically increased FCM and ECM yields, which could not be enhanced by the combined supplementation of MOS+SC. According to our experimental condition, there was no effect of MOS alone or in combination with SC on dairy cow performance.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산유체공학회 2006년도 PARALLEL CFD 2006
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• pp.247-247
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• 2006

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 양자점(quantum dot, QD)에서의 전하트랩이 태양전지의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여, GaAs 모체 태양전지(MSC)의 활성층에 InAs/GaAs QD을 삽입한 $p^+-QD-n/n^+$ 태양전지(QSC)를 제작하여 그 특성을 비교 조사하였다. Stranski-Krastanow (SK)와 준단층(quasi-monolayer, QML)의 2종류 QD를 도입하였으며, 표준 태양광(AM1.5)에서 얻은 전류-전압 곡선으로부터 태양전지의 특성인자(개방전압($V_{OC}$), 단락전류($I_{SC}$), 충만도(FF), 변환효율(CE))를 결정하였다. SK-QSC의 FF값은 80.0%로 MSC의 값(80.3%)과 비슷한 반면, $V_{OC}$와 $J_{SC}$는 각각 0.03 V와 $2.6mA/cm^2$만큼 감소하였다. $V_{OC}$ 및 $J_{SC}$ 감소 결과로 CE는 2.6% 저하되었는데, QD에 의한 전하트랩이 주요 원인으로 지적되었다. 전하트랩을 완화시키기 위한 구조로서 QML-QD 기반 태양전지를 본 연구에서 처음 시도하였으나, 예측과는 달리 부정적 결과를 보였다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2020

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of Sprout of Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen Stapf water extract (SC) on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice. Methods : The antioxidant activity of SC was measured through total polyphenol and total flavonoid content in vitro. The experiment was conducted with seven-week-old male Balb/c mice. After 1 week adaptation, acute colitis was induced by oral administration of 5% DSS dissolved in drinking water, for 7 days. And normal mice received drinking water without DSS throughout the entire experimental period. For each experiment, the mice were divided into 4 groups and 24 colitis mice were arbitrarily allocated into 3 groups (n = 8/group); Normal group, Control group, SC 100 mg/kg treated group (SCL), SC 200 mg/kg treated group (SCH). Serum and colon tissues were collected after one weeks of drug administration. Results : ROS levels, ONOO^- levels, AST, and ALT in serum were decreased in SC treated groups compared to the control group. Western blotting measurements of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, GPx-1/2, IL-4, IL-10, and Bcl2 showed that the SC treated groups was increased compared to the Control group. Also, western blot measurements of NF-κBp65, p-IκBα, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, Bax, and Caspase-3 showed that the SC treated groups was reduced compared to the Control group. Conclusion : Taken together, these results suggest that SC treatment can attenuate the DSS-induced colitis though inhibiting NF-κB pathway and enhancing Nrf2 pathway. Therefore, SC was the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.381-382
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• 1994

Administration route dependency on the distribution of PEGylated recombinant human turor necrosis factor binding protein (rhTNFbp-PEG20K dimer) was observed following a subcutaneous (sc) and an intravenous (iv) administrationin rats. ehTNFbp-PEG20K dimer is composed of two rhTNGbp molecules (molecular weight 18, 278 daltons each) joined by polyethylene glycol 2000(PEG30K). The steady state distribution volume of rhTNFbp-PEG20K was 55 m/kg and 359 ml/kg following the i.v. and s.c. administrations, respectively. These results suggest that the distribution of ehTNFbp-PEG20K is limited within the cpillary space after i.v. administration, while rhTNFbp-PEG20K can distribute into a space (35.9% of body weight) which is between extracellylar space and total body water. A lymphatic absorption may paly a role in the distribution of rhTNFbp-PEF20K dimer following the sc administration. The present study suggests that the administration route of a lartge protein molecule should be determined depedning upon target sites.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.428-434
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• 2015

A stockperson has a significant influence on the productivity and welfare of his animals depending on his stockmanship competence. In this study, stockmanship competence (SC) is defined as the capacity of the stockperson to ensure the welfare of his animals by providing his animals' needs. The study was conducted to evaluate the SC of backyard goat raisers and examine its relationship to goat productivity and economic profitability. There were 101 respondents for this study who have all undertaken farmer livestock school on integrated goat management (FLS-IGM). Interview was conducted in Region I, Philippines on September 3 to 30, 2012 and March 4 to 17, 2013. Data on SC, goat productivity and farmer's income were gathered. Questions regarding SC were formulated based on the Philippine Recommendations for Goat Production and from other scientific literature. Housing, feeding, breeding and health and husbandry management were the indicators used in computing stockmanship competence index score (SCIS). Pearson correlation using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was carried out to analyse the relationship between SCIS, productivity and income. Based from the results of the study, a majority of the respondents raised native and upgraded goats. The computed mean SCIS before and after undergoing FLS-IGM were 38.52% and 75.81% respectively, a percentage difference of 65.23%. Both index scores resulted in significant differences in productivity and income. The median mature weight and mortality rate of goats before FLS-IGM was 14 kg and 30% respectively. After FLS-IGM, median mature weight was 19 kg and mortality rate decreased from 30% to 11.11%. Likewise, fewer goat diseases were observed by farmers who were able to undergo FLS-IGM. With regard to income, there was a 127.34% difference on the median net income derived by farmers. Result implies that improved SC could lead not only to increased productivity and income of backyard goat raisers but also to better animal welfare.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.550-556
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• 2009

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary prebiotic (mannan oligosaccharide = MOS) and probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae = SC) in finishing turkey diets on carcass, cut yield, meat composition and colour. A total of 72 ten-weeksold Big6 male turkey poults were used in the trial. There were eight replicate floor pens per floor with three birds in each. The experiment lasted up to 20 wks of age. The trial was set up as a completely randomized design with 3 dietary treatments. The treatments were: i) negative control (C, no additive); ii) MOS 1 g per kg of diet and iii) SC 1 g per kg of diet (strain SC47, $300{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/kg). Body weight (BW) and feed intake were determined for each of the two week intervals. Twenty-four birds were slaughtered and eviscerated to determine carcass, carcass parts and internal organ weights at 20 wks of age. Meat colour and pH levels were measured 24 h after slaughter. The dietary treatments did not affect BW and average daily gain during the trial (p>0.05). The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio of turkey toms fed with MOS were higher than those of control and SC groups during the overall period (p<0.05). The dietary treatments did not affect carcass yield, breast meat, thigh, wing, liver, heart, empty gizzard, intestine, and abdominal fat pad proportions and meat pH, composition and pigmentation (p>0.05). These results suggest that the addition of MOS and SC is not likely to produce any performance or carcass characteristics in finishing turkeys at 10 to 20 wks of age.

• 농촌계획
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.36-49
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• 1997

The drastic change of mountain community, which have led existing villages to a size reduction or an extinction, makes this study concentrate on finding out the new community unit as a spatial zone of dayily life and agricultural production. The communality which has played a key role in a aura settlement consistency has been focused on the socio-economic aspect till now, neglecting the spatia] nature. The settlement-communality( SC) putting a stress on the spatial aspect can be, therefore, shapec as being multi-dimensional, composed of both a horizontally areal coverage on the surface of the residential place and a vertically hierarchial relationship between settlements, by analyzing thro( elements of communality that are the economic, socio -cultural and spatial activities. The research site is located administratively in Milan-Myoun, Pyoungchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do that ha: the characteristics as a typical mountain community. The results of field survey of which the method i: to draw the activity zone from an interview with every village's head and some residents with th( prepared questionaire can be summarized as followings. Firstly, the SC in almost all villages tended to be weakened or extincted, none the less, the spatia zone of that overally enlarged and got out of natural village unit(hamlet). However the areal coverall on which the SC has an influence reaches up to the alliant domain of a few villages generally congruen with the lowest level administrative district, Secondly, the economic and social activity pattern in village life has a tendency to be directly linked with a upper central place, so that has induced the function of a central village in the middle-low settlement hierarchy to be largely shrinked. Not only the conventional residents'access to goods service but also the recent service-delivers'access to residents has gradually formed the vertical communality with direct linkage between the upper and the bottom level settlements Lastly, the enfeeblement of the SC in the lowest settlement level tends to be supplemented by enlarging the horizontal zone of the SC or especially by strengthening the vertical direct linkage system. The very this point makes the mountain community open to the external world and also makes the spatial unit of community be multi-dimensional just like a cubic.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2019

This study compared the theory of a culvert spacing and analytical results of the seepage flow for the subsurface drainage. i) If culvert spacing (Sc) is within 5 m, the unit drainage (q) is very larger; in contrast, if Sc is 5 m or more, there is very little drainage in the middle between drains. Therefore, the drain spacing should be within 5 m to ensure high drainage efficiency. ii) Since the planned culvert drainage increases linearly with the soil's permeability coefficient (k), k must be taken into account when determining the drain diameter by the planned culvert drainage. iii) As a result of analyzing the drainage performance of the absorbing culvert, the drainage performance is sufficient with the diameter of the corrugated drain pipe Dc = 50 mm at the length of the drain Lc = 100 m. iv) Therefore, if the drain spacing (Sc) is less than 5 m using the low-cost non-excavated drainage pipe method (${\Phi}50mm$ the corrugated drain pipe and fiber mat) rather than the conventional trench drain method (Sc > 10 m, Dc > 100 mm), uniform and high drainage efficiency can be ensured as well as low construction cost. v) The sub-irrigation+drainage culvert requires narrower drain spacing (Sc < 2-3 m) for irrigation. As a result of examining the condition of 35 mm in diameter (Dc) and 2~3 m in drain spacing, it is possible to apply the non-excavated drainage pipe method to the sub-irrigation+drainage culvert because drainage performance is sufficient at the drain length Lc = 50 m.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.134-139
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• 2021

접속의 개념은 인간의 언어가 가진 속성 중의 하나로, 동물의 소통방식은 접속의 구조가 없다고 알려져 있다. 접속이란 문법단위들의 '연결'(connection, linkage)로 영어의 경우 종속접속절을 전치사구(PP)의 범주로 간주하거나, 보문소구 (CP)의 범주로 분류한다. 또한, 문장의 유형과 복잡성도 접속의 방식에 의해서 결정되는데, 동등접속과 달리 종속접속은 접속되는 문법단위가 대부분 절(clause)의 형태가 된다. 전통문법이나 학교문법에서는 종속접속이 그 기능에 따라 명사성 보충절, 형용성 관계절, 부사성 수식-부가절 3가지로 나뉘어 왔으나, 본 논문은 마치 소절(small clause)이 "절"로 인정되면서, 여러 가지 기능을 하는 것과 마찬가지로 무주어 무동사 종속절 (Verbless subordinate clause. V-less SC)을 종속절의 한 유형으로 보면서, 이를 극소절(smallest small clause)로 명명하고, 이들이 종속절의 일부라는 제안을 한다. 또한, 구조와 기능을 보다 세분하여 종합적으로 분석함으로서, XP라고 특정할 수 없는 절을 포함하여 분석할 수 있는 장점이 있음을 지적한다.