• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 2007

Type 2 diabetes mellitus relavant to insulin resistance is a chronic and hard to control. In order to develop an antidiabetic agent from natural products, anti-hyperglycemic effect of herbal formula containing Mori Follium, Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum and Ginseng Radix(MEG) was investigated in db/db mice. Treatment group was administered orally with MEG formula at a dose of 300 mg/kg for 5 weeks, and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels were determined. MEG treatment group showed a marked decrease in fasting blood glucose level and insulin resistance index(IRI) compared to those in diabetic control. Improvement of insulin resistance(60.6%) was indicative of reducing lipid levels in plasma and triglyceride contents in muscle and adipose tissue. In addition, expressions of an insulin responsive gene, glucose transporter 4(Glut4), in muscle and adipose tissue were upregulated in MEG treatment group. Compared islet morphology between groups, MEG formula prevented the ${\beta}$-cell destruction caused by high blood glucose. Taken together, MEG formula can act as an anti-hyperglycemic agent with insulin sensitizing effect, and thus deserves a clinical trial in the future.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.364-369
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• 2002

Mulberry leaves are believed to be a potent inhibitor of intestinal $\alpha$-glycosidase and the digestion of sucrose in the small intestine. Mulberry leaves are also blown to help prevent the postprandial hyperglycemia. The objective of this study was to elucidate the functionality and anti-hyperglycemic effect of mulberry leaves, and to develop a functional drink using mulberry leaf, silk peptide and oriental medicine. Several mixtures of mulberry lear extract silk peptide and oriental medicine were made for the purpose of manufacture and formulation of products. These mixtures were tested to check the $\alpha$-glycosidase inhibition effect to find the best formula. The optimum conditions for a mulberry leaf hot water extract were that the size of leaf was under 3mm, the amount of leaf needed 50~100 g/L, extraction temperature 9$0^{\circ}C$ and extraction time 2 hr. The yield of extraction was 20~25%. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of mulberry leaves was at maximum when the concentrations of mulberry leaf extract and silk peptide were 1% and 0.1%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1418-1425
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• 2000

Obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with common pathogenic mechanism, and ${\beta}-glucan$ of Agaricus blazei Murill is potent inhibitor of intestinal ${\alpha}-glycosidase$ and inhibit the digestion of starch and sucrose in the small intestine. In this studies, there was observed the anti-hyperglycemic effect in obese diabetic mice(C57BLKsJ db/db), which were supplied Agaricus and Acarbose for 5 weeks. In db/db mice, food intake and body weight gain were decreased significantly in Agaricus groups(p<0.05). Also these group exhibited lower fasting serum glucose level compared with control group. HbA1c level, triglyceride level, total cholesterol level, HDL cholesterol level, LDL cholesterol level and VLDL cholesterol level were lowered in db/db mice. The activity of disaccharidases on proximal and distal segments of small intestine was decreased. In conclusion, it was assumed that ${\beta}-glucan$ of Agaricus blazei Murill has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesitic effects by reducing food intake and body weight gain, and also decreasing serum glucose and lipid level through inhibiting the activity of small intestinal disaccharidases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.581-593
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• 2016

The advantages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been well established. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of MUFAs remain unclear. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect and explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of fish oil- rich in MUFAs that had been acquired from hybrid catfish (Pangasius larnaudii${\times}$Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) among experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetic rats that were fed with fish oil (500 and 1,000 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose levels without increasing the plasma insulin levels. The diminishing levels of plasma lipids and the muscle triglyceride accumulation as well as the plasma leptin levels were identified in T2DM rats, which had been administrated with fish oil. Notably, the plasma adiponectin levels increased among these rats. The fish oil supplementation also improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic histological changes. Moreover, the supplementation of fish oil improved insulin signaling ($p-Akt^{Ser473}$ and p-PKC-${\zeta}/{\lambda}^{Thr410/403}$), $p-AMPK^{Thr172}$ and membrane GLUT4 protein expressions, whereas the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and nuclear NF-${\kappa}B$) as well as p-PKC-${\theta}^{Thr538}$ were down regulated in the skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the effects of fish oil-rich in MUFAs in these T2DM rats were partly due to the attenuation of insulin resistance and an improvement in the adipokine imbalance. The mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect are involved in the improvement of insulin signaling, AMPK activation, GLUT4 translocation and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein expressions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.337-342
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• 2002

The effect of water extract composed of panax ginseng radix rubra, acanthopanacis cortex, and cordyceps (PAC) on diabetic animal models were investigated in two different diabetic animal models. FAC water extract significantly reduced the plasma glucose levels on day 30 as compared with the diabetic control group in $KKA^Y$ obese, hyperglycemic and hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic mice, and also reduced the plasma glucose levels as well as total cholesterol in multiple low dose (MLD) strep tozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats. PAC water extract also showed an inhibitory effect on reduction of body weight and on development of MLD STZ-induced diabetic state. Elevated kidney hypertrophy, which is a characteristic feature shown in early stage of diabetic nephropathy and calculated as the ratio of kidney mass (g) relative to the body weight (g), was also markedly improved in PAC water extract- treated group as compared to the diabetic control group. Taken together, these data suggest that PAC water extract may have a potential as a antidiabetic agent in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2003

Anti-diabetic effect of various fractions of Cordyceps militaris (CM), CCCA (crude cordycepin containing adenosine), CMESS (ethanol soluble supernatant), and cordycepin were evaluated in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice, CMESS showed potent inhibitory activity of 34.7% in starch-loaded mice (2 g/kg) while acarbose as a positive standard exhibited 37.8% of inhibition rate. After 3 days administration (50 mg/kg), cordycepin (0.2 mg/kg), and acarbose (10 mg/kg) dramatically reduced blood glucose level (inhibition ratio: 46.9%, 48.4% and 37.5% respectively). CCCA that has high contents of cordycepin (0.656 mg/4 mg) did not influence on reducing blood glucose level. The proliferation of splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages derived from STZ-induced diabetic mice administered samples were evaluated out by addition of mitogens to see the stability of the usage of these herbal medicines. Proliferation of T-lymphocyte was significantly decreased; while NO production was increased more than two fold to STZ control in the cordycepin-administered group. Changes of serum enzyme levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were also evaluated. Cordycepin administered group was appeared to acarbose. We conclude that CMESS and cordycepin may be useful tools in the control of blood glucose level in diabetes and promising new drug as an anti-hyperglycemic agent without defects of immune responses and other side effects.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

Obesity occur from the imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity is a complex chronic disease that is suggested to cause other metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and arteriosclerosis. In this study, our purpose is to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesitic effects of Maydis stigma water extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice. Maydis stigma water extract at dose of 100 and 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ slowly inhibited cell viability as compared to that of control in mature adipocytes. Also, the additions of 50 and 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ of Maydis stigma water extract significantly inhibited the lipid accumulations and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein(C/EBP) ${\alpha}$ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR) ${\gamma}$ expressions with dose-dependent manner in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Maydis stigma water extract at 250, 500, and 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ only showed the increasing pattern on lipolysis activity. The oral treatment of Maydis stigma water extract (100 or 400 mg/kg body weight) in db/db mice only showed tendency to decrease body weight, food efficiency ratio (FER), HbA1c, blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and the adipocyte size of in db/db mice. However, Maydis stigma water extract increased the insulin level in a dose dependent manner. Thus these results indicate that Maydis stigma water extracxt inhibits adipogenesis through regulation of C/EBP${\alpha}$ and PPAR${\gamma}$ expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and shows anti-hyperglycemic effect through increase of insulin secretion in db/db mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.219-219
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• 2002

The SPP003 is a mixture of water extract from Schizandrae Fructus, Poligoni multiflori Radix, Ginseng Radix Akba and Hoelen. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effect of SPP003 in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and to monitor the toxicity of SPP003. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed after oral administration of SPP003 100, 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg in normal rats. Blood glucese concentration was measured at -30 min (vehicle, SPP003 or tolbutamide 60 mg/kg, 0 min (glucose treatment), 60, 120 and 180 min. Rats were administerd STZ 65mg/kg (0.1M citrate buffer, pH 4.5) intraperitoneally to induce diabetes and administered vehicle, Spp003 (100, 300 and 600 mg/kg) or tolbutamide (60 mg/kg) orally once a day for 4 weeks. Blood glucose level was measured a 0, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 29 day after initial drug administration. A single oral toxicity of SPP003 was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, rats were administered with doses of 1, 2 and 5 g/kg of SPP003. In glucose tolerance test, SPP003 900 mg/kg markedly decreased glucose concentration at 1 hr after glucose treatment. Blood glucose levels were much higher in STZ-diabetic rats. These increases were significantly attenuated by SPP003 600 mg/kg. SPP003 did not show any signigicant toxicity. These findings suggest that SPP003 has hypoglycemic properties in STZ-diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 1994

Pharmacological effects of water extracts of Lycii Fructus, Lycii Folium and Lycii Cortex Radicis from Lycium chinensis were investigated. Lycii Folium significantly protected the hepatic function from damages orally caused by $CCl_4 $administration in mice and had a strong hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic mice induced by streptozotocin. Lycii Fructus decreased the blood pressure rise associated with the growth of normal rats. Lycii Cortex Radicis had a strong hypoglycemic effect in hyrerglycemic mice induced by streptozotocin. Also, hypolipidemic effects in hyperlipidemic rats induced by 1% cholesterol fed-diet and 75% fructose were significantly observed by oral administration of water extracts of Lycii Fructus, Lycii Folium and Lycii Cortex Radicis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.91-96
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• 1997

Male rats of Albino strain were divided into four groups. The radioprotective effect of treatment with S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) using the dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitonial injection on rats for 20 min prior to whole body x-ray irradiation (8 Gy) was studied. The harzardous effects of x-ray irradiation were greatly corrected In the treated group. The concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid were greatly affected, showing insignificant changes in the treated group of animals. The drastic hyperglycemic effect of x-ray irradiation in the untreated group decreased to a normal level. These results show the potentiality of WR-2721 as a radioprotective agent.