• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2010

The ability of 80% ethanol extracts from five medicinal plants, Aralia continentalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Magnolia denudata, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, and Schizonepeta tenuifolia, to neutralize hydroxyl radical, peroxyl radical and peroxynitrite was examined using the total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Peroxyl radical was generated from thermal homolysis of 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (ABAP); hydroxyl radical by an iron-ascorbate Fenton reaction; peroxynitrite by spontaneous decomposition of 3-morpholinosydnonimine N-ethylcarbamide (SIN-1). The oxidants generated react with $\alpha$-keto-$\gamma$-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) to yield ethylene, and the TOSC of the substances tested is quantified from their ability to inhibit ethylene formation. Extracts from P. suffruticosa, M. denudata, and S. tenuifolia were determined to be potent peroxyl radical scavenging agents with a specific TOSC (sTOSC) being at least six-fold greater than that of glutathione (GSH). These three plants also showed sTOSCs toward peroxynitrite markedly greater than sTOSC of GSH, however, only P. suffruticosa revealed a significant hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Seven major active constituents isolated from P. suffruticosa, quercetin, (+)-catechin, methyl gallate, gallic acid, benzoic acid, benzoyl paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin, were determined for their antioxidant potential toward peroxynitrite, peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals. Quercetin, (+)-catechin, methyl gallate, and gallic acid exhibited sTOSCs 40~85 times greater than sTOSC of GSH. These four components also showed a peroxynitrite scavenging capacity higher than at least 10-fold of GSH. For antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical, methyl gallate was greatest followed by gallic acid and quercetin. Further studies need to be conducted to substantiate the significance of scavenging a specific oxidant in the prevention of cellular injury and disease states caused by the reactive free radical species.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2011

The polysaccharides from fruit body of Auricularia auricula and Tremella fuciformis were extracted using hot water, and partially purified through ethanol precipitation and dialysis. Free radical scavenging activities of the crude and purified polysaccharides were examined and compared each other. Free radical scavenging activities of the partially purified polysaccharides were higher than those of crude polysaccharides. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical and SOD-like activities of partially purified polysaccharide at 1 mg/mL of concentration from A. auricula were 61.7, 9.6 and 38.9%, respectively, while those of T. fuciformis were 9.6, 5.7 and 15.3%, respectively. Results of site and non-site specific hydroxyl radical scavenging activities indicated that the partially purified polysaccharide fractions from A. auricula and T. fuciformis exhibited the hydroxyl radical scavenging effect by hydrogen donating ability and iron ion chelating ability. Also, reducing powers of A. auricula and T. fuciformis were 77.1 and 14.7% of BHT (0.1%) as standard, respectively. It was suggested that antioxidant activities of A. auricula were about 1.4~6.4 times higher than those of T. fuciformis due to different levels of polyphenol content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.624-630
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• 2004

Functionality changes by germination of giant embryonic rice and pigmented rice were evaluated with focusing on antioxidative activities of 70% ethanolic extracts. Overall, reducing power of giant embryonic rice and pigmented rice was higher than that of normal brown rice, and the germination of rices tend to enhance their reducing powers. In vitro and ex vivo experiments employing linoleic acid peroxidation and rabbit erythrocyte membrane peroxidation systems, respectively, revealed inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation was highest in pigmented rice, followed by giant embryonic rice, and normal brown rice from high to low order. Superoxide radical-scavenging activity decreased in order of pigmented rice > giant embryonic rice > normal brown rice, and germination also enhanced their superoxide scavenging ability compared to non-germinated controls. Hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability was highest in pigmented rice, followed by giant embryonic rice, and normal brown rice. Despite marked enhancement in hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability of normal brown rice by germination, order of scavenging ability was not altered among germinated rices. Same trend as with in vitro ROS scavenging was observed for ex vivo scavenging potency on ROSs generated by TPA stimulation in HL-60 cells. Germination-associated differential increase in ROS scavenging ability of pigmented rice and giant embryonic rice, characterized by no induction of cytotoxicity, was observed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.673-682
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• 2017

Protein hydrolysates derived from plants and animals having antioxidant, suppression of hypertension, immunodulatory, alleviation of pain, and antimicrobial activity has been known as playing important role like hormone. This study was fractioned to hydrolysis of Ogae egg white protein using the ultrafiltration. The antioxidant activity of the produced peptides was analyzed. As a result, the maximum value of DPPH radical scavenging was 1 kDa(70.83 %), hydroxy radical scavenging was 5 kDa(47.01 %), superoxide anion radical scavenging was 5 kDa(40.57 %), and $Fe^{2+}$ chelation ability was 5 kDa(29.87 %). Furthermore, the antioxidant Inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of peptides was evaluated for each fraction. As a result, the maximum value of HDS was superoxide anion radical scavenging($IC_{50}$, 5.42 mg/ml). 1 kDa was $Fe^{2+}$ chelation ability($IC_{50}$, 1.67 mg/ml), 5 kDa was $Fe^{2+}$ cheating ability($IC_{50}$, 2.09 mg/ml), 10 kDa was $Fe^{2+}$ cheating ability($IC_{50}$, 2.61 mg/ml), papain was $Fe^{2+}$ cheating ability($IC_{50}$, 4.53 mg/ml). Therefore, we expect that peptides produced from Ogae egg white protein using 5 kDa fraction are useful as an antioxidant functional food ingredients.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2004

Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of two giant embryonic rices, Nampung giant embryonic rice and Hwachung giant embryonic rice, were investigated mainly focusing on their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and scavenge reactive oxygen species in comparison with those of general rice. The results showed that germination process increased reducing power, inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation and scavenging ability either on superoxide or hydroxyl radicals. Among the cultivars tested, increase in antioxidative action was found to be most prominent for Hwachung giant embryonic rice cultivar. For scavenging of superoxide radicals, the extract from Nampung giant embryonic rice has the most potent activity, however, increasing rate of scavenging activity by germination process was also found to be the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. We found that the scavenging mechanism for superoxide radicals was attributed to the direct scavenging of the radicals. The scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, the most toxic oxygen radical to biological system, by the rice extracts were also examined, and the results showed that either overall activity or the increasing rate of the activity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals by germination process was the greatest for Hwachung giant embryonic rice. Moreover, the results suggested that the scavenging action to hydroxyl radicals might be mediated by direct quenching of the radicals, not by chelating $Fe^{2+}$. Further studies showed that the antioxidant action of the rice extracts tested in vitro was also operative for suppressing ROS production induced in TPA-stimulated HL-60 cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.648-654
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• 2004

Physiological functionality of browned oak mushroom was evaluated with focusing its electron-donating ability to DPPH radicals, scavenging ability to superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals, and inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation. The results showed that overall antioxidative activities of browned oak mushroom were superior to those of raw oak mushroom with marketable quality, implying possible involvement of resultant browning reaction products in an increment of antioxidativity. The increased radical-scavenging ability was suggested to mainly be exerted by direct quenching of both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, not by inhibition of xanthine oxidase activity and $Fe^{2+}$ chelation, respectively. Collectively, these results indicate a possible use of unmarketable browned mushroom as a material for manufacturing various processed functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.489-497
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated and compared the protective effects of two major constituents, baicalein and baicalin, against oxidative DNA and cell damages caused by hydroxyl radical. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging assays and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating assay. ${\varphi}X$ 174 RFI plasmid DNA and intracellular DNA migration assay were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. Also, MTT and lipid peroxidation assays were used to evaluate their protective effects against oxidative cell damage. Both baicalein and baicalin prevented intracellular DNA and cells from oxidative damage caused by hydroxyl radical via antioxidant activities. Baicalein demonstrated a stronger antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH radicals and chelating $Fe^{2+}$ while baicalin scavenged hydroxyl radicals more efficiently. The differences in the level of baicalein and baicalin pose a different pathological pathway for each. The antioxidant activity of baicalin was due to its ability to scavenge hydroxyl radical whilst baicalein was a stronger $Fe^{2+}$ chelator. Further investigation to compare the molecular mechanisms of antitumor activities of baicalein and baicalin is vital to anticancer research.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

The natural sources extracted from green tea and pine needle were utilized to investigate the effects of extracts on free radical reaction, lipid oxidation and nitrite scavenging ability. The degree of lipid oxidation is very sensitive to kinds of oil emulsion reacted with iron sources and oxygen species. The antioxidants of extracts from green tea and pine needle were different depending on concentration of extracts, which were a lower TBARS value in 0.3% extracts concentration, compared to 0.1% extracts concentration. And also, the binding ability on iron sources was superior in hot water extracts, but oxygen scavenging ability was the lowest TBARS values in ethanol extracts. The hydroxyl radical scavenging ability of green tea and pine needle extracts had a little low TBARS value in 0.1% and 0.3% extracts concentration in deoxyribose. The ethanol extracts of pine needle were higher than those of hot water extracts on the basis of Fe$\_$2+/ ion content. The ascorbic acid content of green tea showed 14.3 mg/100g in hot water extracts and 16.7 mg/100 g in ethanol extracts. Electron donating ability of extracts showed difference depending on extracts concentration, which were higher in ethanol extracts than those of hot water extracts. The nitrite scavenging effects were tended to be different depending on pH value, however they were decreased overall as pH value was increased. Especially, the nitrite scavenging ability of 0.3% extracts from green tea and pine needle were the mosts effective in pH 1.2 and pH 3.0, which were showed 95% nitrite scavenging ability.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.210-219
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• 2007

In this study was investigated the growth effect of native plant (Microlepia marginata(panzer Christ., Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald, Perillafrutescens var. japonica Hara., Gleichenia japonica Spreng) extracts on various lactic acid bacterias, electron donating ability, total cell count and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The total cell count of Enterococcus faecium KCCM 12118, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KCCM 32826, Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11542, Pediococcus pentosaceus KCCM 40464 in the absence of native plant extracts (10%) at $37^{\circ}C$ after 48hr were $2.2{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $2.1{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $2.3{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $2.2{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$. On the other hand, the total cell count of E. faecium KCCM 12118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, L. plantarum KCCM 11542, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 in the presence of native plant extracts (10%) at $37^{\circ}C$ after 48hr were $4.3{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $4.3{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $4.8{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$, $3.9{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$. The electron donating ability indicated to E. faecium KCCM 12118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, L. plantarum KCCM 11542, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 added by 10% native plant extracts, respectively. when 10% native plant extracts were added lactic acid bacterias, the electron donating ability is the highest. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of E. faecium KCCM 12118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, L. plantarum KCCM 11542, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 showed higher than that of control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1547-1554
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• 2007

In this study was investigated the growth effect of Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald(leaf and flower) extracts on various lactic acid bacterias, electron donating ability and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The total cell count of Enterococcus faecium KCCM 12118, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KCCM 32826, Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 11542, Pediococcus pentosaceus KCCM 40464 in the absence at $37^{\circ}C$ after 48hr were $2.2{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml,\;2.1{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml,\;2.3{\times}10^9cfu/ml,\;2.2{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$. On the other hand, the total cell count of E. faecium KCCM 12118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, L. plantarum KCC 11542, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 in the presence of Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald(leaf and flower) extracts(10%) at $37^{\circ}C$ after 48hr were $4.3{\times}10^9-4.5{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml,\;4.3{\times}10^9-4.5{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml,\;4.8{\times}10^9-4.9{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml,\;4.1{\times}10^9-4.1{\times}10^9\;cfu/ml$. The electron donating ability indicated to E. faecium KCCM 12118, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, L. plantarum KCCM 11542, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 added by 10% Prunella vulgaris. aleutica Fernald(leaf and flower) extracts, respectively. when 10% native plant extracts were added lactic acid bacterias, the electron donating ability is the highest. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of L. plantarum KCCM 11542, L. rhamnosus KCCM 32826, E. faecium KCCM 12118, P. pentosaceus KCCM 40464 showed higher than that of control.