• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 1999

Air-drived rotating biological contactor (RBC) system, which is effective method in filtering performance, was tested for the nitrification capacity in a recirculating system. At ammonia concentrations between 0.029 and 0.528 mg/l, the effect of ammonia loading rate on ammonia removal rate at three different hydraulic loading rates could be defined by the following first­order regression models: Hydraulic loading rate of $14.8 m^3/m^3/day:\;y=39.2\times+3.4 (r^2=0.9137)$, Hydraulic loading rate of $26.5 m^3/m^3/day: y=53.3\times+4.0 (r^2=0.8686)$, Hydraulic loading rate of $37.3 m^3/m^3/day: y=58.4\times+4.2 (r^2=0.7755)$, where, $\times$ is ammonia loading rate (mg/l), y is ammonia removal rate $(g/m^3/day)$, The equations showed the optimal ammonia removal rate at the hydraulic loading rate of $26.5m^3/m^3/day$. Below the ammonia concentration of 2.72 mg/l, first-order regression models between ammonia loading rate and ammonia removal rate at three different rates of speed are defined as follows: Rotational speed of $0.75 rpm: y=28.5\times+4.7 (r^2=0.9143)$, Rotational speed of $1.0 rpm: y=33.6\times+8.4 (r^2=0.9534)$, Rotational speed of $2.0 rpm: y=28.9\times+3.6 (r^2=0.9488)$, where, x is ammonia loading rate (mg/l), y is ammonia removal rate $(g/m^3day)$. The equations show the ammonia removal rate at the rotational speed of 1.0 rpm is significantly higher than that at the rotational speed of either 0.75 rpm or 2.0 rpm (P<0.05).

• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국윤활학회 1998년도 제27회 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.335-341
• /
• 1998

In this study, the dynamic characteritics in various loading methods for wear tester were investigated experimentally. As for the dead-weight, the pneumatic, and the hydraulic method, the load control performance against external disturbances was estimated under the several loading conditions like the different sliding speed, the varied normal load, and the misaligument. The hydraulic loading method showed the most stable loading performance of all the loading methods in the experiment.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.285-296
• /
• 1994

The objective of this study was to examine and compare to transient response to quantitative and hydraulic shocks which produce equal changes in mass rate of organic feed in aerobic fixed-film process. The general experimental approach was to operate the system at several growth rates under steady-state(pre-shock) conditions, then to apply step changes during day 3 in dilution rate(hydraulic shock) , or feed concentration(Quantitative shock) at the same organic mass loading rate. Performance was assessed in both the transient state and the new steady-state (post- shock). Shock load of different type did not produced equivalent disruptions of effluent quality for equal increases in mass loading rate. Based on effluent concentrations, a hydraulic and a Quantitative shock at the same mass loading caused equal increase in total effluent COD, but the increase was primarily a result of suspended solids the hydraulic shock and COD in the quantitative shock. The time which effluent COD came to peak values were about 32~48 hours at the low organic loads and 52 ~ 72 hours at the high organic loads, respectively A quantitative shock produced a much greater increase in effluent COD than did a hydraulic shock at the same mass loading. Mean and peak values of effluent concentration weve increased in 2.8~4.2 times at low organic loading rate, 5.2~6.6 times at the high organic loading rate, respectively. Key words : Aerobic fixed-film reactor, Quantitative shock, hydraulic shock, mass loading rate.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집A
• /
• pp.426-432
• /
• 2000

The hydraulic loading system real-time simulator using a PC and I/O interface board is developed to simulate the dynamic characteristics of hydraulic loading system in real time. The simulator receives the digital on-off control signals generated by the operator through the D/I channels, updates the state and output variables of the hydraulic loading system responding to the input signals and draw the moving pictuters of the lift cylinder, lift arm and loading box on the PC monitor in real time. Also, the operator can observe the displacement and pressure of cylinder, the rotatinal angle, reaction force, and safety factors of lift arm representing the operation of hydraulic loading system through the PC monitor in real time. The real-time simulator can be a very useful tool to design industrial dynamic systems and feel the goodness of the system operation since the operator can observe the moving pictures of the operating system in real time as he operates the real time simulator.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 1997

The objective of study was to examine to transient response of hydraulic shock loading in activated sludge process for treatment of municipal sewage. The general experiment approach was to operate the system under steady-state(pre-shock), then to apply step changes during 24hours in fourfold hydraulic shock loading at the same organic loading. Performance was assessed in both the transient state and the new steady-state(post-shock). Three bench scale activated sludge reactors were operated to investigate the effect of fourfold hydraulic shock loading on TSS and COD removal efficiency. In activated sludge reactors operated with 13hours and 7hours of HRT, effluent quality of all reactors was not changed for few effects, and also showed no foaming and no sludge bulking. Those results are the same as sludge withdrawn reactors. The effect of fourfold hydraulic shock loading on the activated sludge reactors operated with 3hours of HRT was most severe. The effluent quality was deteriorated significantly and generate foaming in reactors. Less than 24hours after the fourfold shock loading applied, the activated sludge system seemed to attain a new steady-state condition as show by effluent.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제56권6호
• /
• pp.870-877
• /
• 2023

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficiency of nitrification based on ammonia loading rates and hydraulic air-loading rates in a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) under seawater conditions. The goal was to provide foundational data for the design of these bio reactors. At an ammonia loading rate of 0.2 g TAN·m^-2 surface area·day^-1, the influent TAN concentration was determined to be 1.76±0.33 mg·L^-1, which is below the safe concentration for fish survival (2 mg·L^-1). Considering operational aspects, the optimal ammonia-loading rate was derived. Subsequently, experimental results for nitrification efficiency at the optimal ammonia-loading rate revealed that the optimum hydraulic air-loading rate was 1.8 L·air·m^-2 surface area·min^-1. This condition resulted in the lowest concentrations of TAN and NO₂-N in the influent water, thus establishing the optimal hydraulic air-loading rate. A regression equation was derived for the ammonia-removal rate (Y) based on the ammonia-loading rate (x) and expressed as a 0.5-order equation (Y=ax^0.5+b). Specifically, for TAN concentrations of 0-6 mg·L-1, the regression equation Y=0.1683x^0.5-0.13628, was established.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.633-645
• /
• 2015

In order to analyze the mechanical properties of two-way different configurations of prestressed concrete members subjected to axial loading, a finite element model based on the nuclear power plant containments is demonstrated. This model takes into account the influences of different principal stress directions, the uniaxial or biaxial loading, and biaxial loading ratio. The displacement-controlled load is applied to obtain the stress estrain response. The simulated results indicate that the differences of principal stress axes have great effects on the stress-strain response under uniaxial loading. When the specimens are subjected to biaxial loading, the change trend of stress with the increase of loading ratio is obviously different along different layout directions. In addition, correlation experiments and finite element analyses were conducted to verify the validity and reliability of the analysis in this study.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.132-140
• /
• 1998

회전원판공정(rotating biological contactorRBC)과 화학적 처리공정을 결합한 처리시스템을 이용하여 도시하수내 포함된 유기물과 영양염류를 제거할 경우에 수리학적 부하 (hydraulic loading)와 처리수 반송율 (recirculation rate)의 시스템 처리효율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 각각의 수리학적 부하 0.031, 0.0535 및 0.076 $m^3/m^2/d에서 반송율을 100%, 200%, 300%로 변화시켰고, 질산화에 필요한 알카리도의 보충 및 화학적 처리를 위하여 lime(CaCO$_3$)을 가하여 유입수의 pH를 10.4-11.0으로 유지시켰다. 실험결과 수리학적 부하 0.0535 $m^3/m^2/d에서 BOD, COD의 제거효율이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 질산화 효율 및 질소 제거효율에서는 수리학작 부하 0.035 $m^3/m^2/d, 반송율 300%에서 가장 높았으며, 반송율별에서는 수리학적 부하를 고려할 때 300% 반송하는 것이 가장 높은 유기물 제거효율을 보였다. 반송율과 수리학적 부하를 증가시킬 경우에 발생되는 슬러지내 유기물 함량은 점점 증가하였고, 수리학적 부하 0.076 $m^3/m^2/d, 반송율 300%일 경우에는 유기물 함량이 47%로 매우 높았다. 이는 부하증가에 따른 미생물 성장의 증가와 더불어 수리학적 부하 증가에 따른 전단력의 증가가 영향을 미쳤기 때문이다. 인을 제거하기 위하여 pH를 10.4-11.0으로 유지시킨 경우에 인을 90%이상 제거할 수 있었으며, 유출수내 평균 SS농도는 40 mg/l를 상회하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the applicability of Solid Contact Process for the improvement of Moving Media Complete Mixing Activated Sludge(MMCMAS) effluents. Laboratory MMCMAS Reactor and MMCMAS/Solid Contact were operated at the hydraulic loading of 122~340 L/m$^2$/d. The conclusions from this study were as follows ; The addition of Solid Contact tank to the MMCMAS reactor has increased the SCOD and SBOD removal efficiencies of 4 to 67% and 2 to 41%, respectively. In addition, the increments of nitrification rates were about 13 to 46%. It was also observed that the addition of Solid Contact tank has greatly increased the organic removal efficiencies at the higher hydraulic loading rates and also decrement of sludge production rates was 0.1 gVSS/gBODrem. It was therefore concluded that the addition of Solid Contact tank could have polished the effluent of MMCMAS at the higher hydraulic loading rates.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.481-492
• /
• 2019

Due to the underground openings, the tangentially concentrated stress of the tunnel remains larger at excavation boundary and decreases toward the interior of the surrounding rock with a certain gradient. In order to study the effect of different gradient stress on rockburst, the true-triaxial gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined test apparatus were carried out to simulate the rockburst processes. Under the different gradient stress conditions, the rock-like specimen (gypsum) was tested independently through three principal stress directions loading--fast unloading of single surface--top gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined loading, which systematically analyzed the macro-mesoscopic damage phenomena, force characteristics and acoustic emission (AE) signals of the specimen during rockburst. The experimental results indicated that the rockburst test under the gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined loading conditions could perfectly reflect the rockburst processes and their stress characteristics; Relatively high stress loading could cause specimen failure, but could not determine its mode. The rockburst under the action of gradient stress suggested that the failure mode of specimen mainly depended on the stress gradient. When the stress gradient was lower, progressive and static spalling failure occured and the rockburst grades were relatively slight. On the other hand, shear fractures occurred in rockbursts accounted for increasingly large proportion as the stress gradient increased and the rockburst occurred more intensely and suddenly, the progressive failure process became unconspicuous, and the rockburst grades were moderate or even stronger.