• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 2014

To examine the antioxidant activities of 11n selected miscellaneous cereal grains (proso millet, yellow glutinous proso millet, hwanggeumchal sorghum, glutinous sorghum, white glutinous sorghum, yellow glutinous foxtail millet, nonglutinous foxtail millet, green glutinous foxtail millet, golden foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and adlay), the free radical-scavenging activities of 80% ethanol extracts of the individual grains were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods. The ethanol extracts of hwanggeumchal sorghum, glutinous sorghum, and barnyard millet grains exhibited more potent free radical-scavenging activities as compared to the other grains. When these three ethanol extracts were sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, the majority of the antioxidant activities were detected in the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions in which phenolic ingredients were abundant. The ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of hwanggeumchal sorghum and the ethyl acetate fraction of glutinous sorghum showed higher antioxidant activity than that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Both ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods demonstrated that these organic solvent fractions could inhibit lipid peroxidation. The ethyl acetate fractions from hwanggeumchal sorghum, glutinous sorghum, and barnyard millet grains could suppress tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced apoptotic events, including sub-G1 peaks, ${\Delta}{\Psi}m$ loss, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP and lamin B, in human HL-60 cells. These results show that the grains of hwanggeumchal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchalsusu), glutinous sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Chalsusu), and barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) possess efficient antioxidant activity, which could protect cells from oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1460-1470
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• 2013

To examine whether miscellaneous cereal grains have an antithrombotic effect, we investigated the anticoagulant activity of 80% ethanol extracts from eleven selected miscellaneous cereal grains. The 80% ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) showed the highest anticoagulant activity, followed by that of green foxtail millet grains, in terms of thrombin time (TT). When the ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, the majority of the TT-inhibitory activity was detected in the hexane and methylene chloride fractions. Whereas aspirin (final conc. 480 ${\mu}g/ml$) prolonged TT by 2-fold, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and methylene chloride fraction in the same dose prolonged TT by 2.2-fold, 2.9-fold, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum could delay activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) as well as prothrombin time (PT). Although the APTT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the hexane and methylene chloride fractions, the PT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was solely partitioned into the hexane fraction. The APTT- and PT-inhibitory activities of these organic solvent fractions were more potent than those of the control warfarin (final conc. 3.13 mg/ml). The TT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was heat-stable and acid-stable. The ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and methylene chloride fraction of hwanggeumchal sorghum appeared to possess a direct fibrinolytic activity toward fibrin clotting. These results show that hwanggeumchal sorghum can exert anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects and, thus, have the potential to be applicable as antithrombotic dietary sources.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.929-937
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• 2022

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the grains of sorghum, three Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench variants (Hwanggeumchal, Huinchal, and Chal) being cultivated in Korea, the 80% ethanol (EtOH) extracts of individual sorghum grains were compared for their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Among them, the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains could exert the highest inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced NO production. However, under these conditions, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was not affected. When the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol, the anti-NO production activity was predominantly detected in both MC and EtOAc fractions. In particular, treatment with the MC fraction reduced dose-dependently the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Simultaneously, the MC fraction could prevent LPS-induced activating phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). HPLC analysis of the MC fraction showed gentisic acid and naringenin as the major phenolic components. Both gentisic acid and naringenin commonly exhibited a potent inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Together, these results provide the evidence of the inhibitory activity of Hwanggeumchal grains on LPS-induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and also suggest that sorghum grains possess beneficial health effects which can be applicable in development of the grain-based functional foods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.348-348
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to investigate the aspect of tiller occurrence, growth and yield of sorghum according to planting density and sowing date. The subject of this experiment is to supply basic data to inhibit non-productive tillers uneconomical and cumbersome for mechanical harvesting. Also another subject was to evaluate optimum planting density and sowing date in central district area. Total number of tillers was more in 80cm ridge than 60cm ridge and it was increased as the planting distance was wider from 15cm to 30cm on the each ridge. Ratio of effective tillers was higher in 60cm ridge than 80cm ridge and it was decreased as planting distance was wider from 15cm to 30cm. The lower the planting density, the more increased total number of tillers, whereas effective tillers were decreased as planting density was high. Average of total number of tillers of three varieties was higher in sowing date of 2 May (1st sowing date), whereas ratio of effective tillers was the highest in sowing date of 23 May (2nd sowing date). Hwanggeumchal showed the highest total number of tillers (1.2 tillers), while Moktaksusu had the lowest total number of tillers (0.8 tillers) among three varieties. There were no significant difference between planting density and days to heading and ripening date from seeding. Culm length increased as planting density was high, but ear length, grains per ear and 1000 grain weight were decreased on the other hand. The highest yield of sorghum per 10a was obtained from $60{\times}20cm$ planting density among 6 planting densities.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.427-434
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• 2017

This experiment was conducted to investigate the aspect of tiller occurrence, growth and yield of sorghum according to planting distance and sowing date. The object of this experiment is to get basic data to inhibit non-productive tillers uneconomical and cumbersome for mechanical harvesting. Also another object was to evaluate optimum planting distance and sowing date in central district area. Total number of tillers was more in 80 cm ridge than 60 cm ridge and it was increased as the planting distance was wider from 15 cm to 30 cm on the each ridge. Ratio of effective tillers was higher in 60 cm ridge than 80 cm ridge and it was decreased as planting distance was wider from 15 cm to 30 cm. The lower the planting distance, the more increased total number of tillers, whereas effective tillers was decreased as planting distance was high. Average of total number of tillers of three varieties was higher in sowing date of May 2 (1st sowing date), whereas ratio of effective tillers was the highest in sowing date of May 23 (2nd sowing date). Hwanggeumchal showed the highest total number of tillers (1.2 tillers), while Moktaksusu had the lowest total number of tillers (0.8 tillers) among three varieties. There were no significant difference between planting distance and days to heading and ripening date from seeding. Culm length increased as planting distance was high, but ear length, grains per ear and 1000 grain weight were decreased on the other hand. The highest yield of sorghum per 10a was obtained from $60{\times}20cm$ planting distance among 6 planting distances.