• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-122
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• 2017

Before the start of the North Borneo Company administration in North Borneo (now Sabah, Malaysia) in 1882, the Timugon Murut of today's interior Tenom District lived in longhouses, and practiced head-hunting during wars with other Murutic ethnic groups. Their economy revolved around swidden agriculture of hill rice, sago, and cassava. Wet rice cultivation and water buffaloes were introduced just before 1885. Wet rice was planted on the alluvial plains around the Pegalan and Padas Rivers, while dry rice was planted on hillside swiddens that had been cleared by slash-and-burn methods. Today, wet rice cultivation and cash-cropping on the plains are the main Timugon socioeconomic activities, while some families also plant dry rice on the hills as a back-up. The Timugon believe that the physical world is surrounded by the spiritual world, and everything was made by the creator Aki Kapuuno'. The focus of this field research paper is on the beliefs and ritual practices of the Timugon connected to their traditional rice agriculture. This study found that for generations, the Timugon believed that since animals were created by Aki Kapuuno' for the wellbeing of humans, various types of animals and birds convey omens to guide people. Thus, the older Timugon rice cultivation is strongly influenced by good and bad omens and taboos, and also involves symbolic practices and ritual offerings to guardian spirits of the rice. After the 1930s and especially since the 1960s, most Timugon became Roman Catholic Christians. Hence, this paper also examines changes in the traditional Timugon rice cultivation related beliefs and practices due to religious conversion and other factors.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.19
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• pp.127-143
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to aesthetically approach a game, which was popular at home, through microscopic analysis on World of Warcraft. World of Warcraft(hereunder called WOW), which improved a game method of MMORPG that had been popular conventionally at home, from several angles, is suggesting new paradigm of MMORPG game. This study aims to propose new vision on game analysis by approaching this new method from the perspective of player. For this, it divided WOW into shift method, instruction implementation method, and communication configuration method, and analyzed this, respectively, by introducing a concept of empty time, empty space, and non-place, which was borrowed from Zygmunt Bauman's "Liquid Modernity". WOW's shifting method rather extends empty time, that is, the waiting time, contrary to the conventional MMORPG, which used a method of removing. Instead of maximally reducing boring, which becomes disturbance of a game, it is what overwhelmingly enlarges time that needs to be waited, thereby being what induces a sense of time, which a player experiences daily life, to the inside of a game. WOW's instruction implementation method offers one of hugely single map instead of zone-system necessary for map loading in the discontinued form. This minutely implements even a greatly insignificant place in playing a game, thereby stirring up a sense of travel, which explores there in reality. Finally, WOW's community configuration method makes a hunting-targeted group clear, which added a concept of hunting called the raid to the existing gild system. The raid, which is a large party of being bound to the inside of Instant Dungeon, clearly gives a performance role to each of party members, thereby allowing the identity in character to be connected directly to the identity of player. Through this, the player filled the suggested 'space' with experience, thereby being able to change it into 'place' that is significant to an individual.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.15
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• pp.177-194
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• 1990

Koh(袴) was a type of dress worn on the lower part of the body which was commonly used in the Northeast Asia. It was originally used by the Northern race for the need of nomadism or hunting. The origin of the Koh which appeared in the area would be found from the trousers of the Huns who influenced in the Northeast Asia, and became in the part of the Scythian culture. The Scythians are the nomadizing race inhabited in the Northern Caucasas on the wast of the Black Sea and influenced on the inland Eurasian steppe as the first typical horse-riding race. The objectives of Koh which had been worn in the Scythian, Mongolia, Korea as well as Japan as a part of Dongho dress and ornaments and to contemplate the transmission process by cultural exchange among different races for the period from 4th century to 7th century. 1. The Origination of the Koh The Koh was originated by the environmental factor to protect the cold in the North but also from the heat in the South, and was changed and developed as gradually satisfying to the needs of the times. In the Northeast Asia the Koh was in the class of the Northern Chinese garment, and was used widely by the horse riding Scythians who moved widely from the Eurasian inland to Japan. The oldest original which could reflect the type of the Northern clothes was a pair of trousers discovered in the Huns remains of Noin Ula. This showed the exact form of hunting clothes and had a similar form with the Korean female tro-users. Since the same form of trousers drawn on the wall painting of which was excavated 4-5th century ancient Koguryo(高句麗) tomb was the same form the trousers of Noin Ula seemed to be the original form of Koh in the Northeast Asia. 2. The Chinese Trousers It was the time of the King Mooryung(武靈王) in the Cho(趙) Dynasty B.C. 3th century that the trousers used regularly in China. However, the Koh had been used as undergarment which functioned for the protection of the cold not the horseriding garment. The trousers seemed to be not very obviously shown off since the Poh (袍) was long, but mainly used by the people from lower class. As people learned the adapted the trousers. It was essential for the times of war and quarrel. The king himself started wearing the Koh. The Chinese trousers were influenced by the Huns, the Northern clothes of the Scythian culture, and similar to the Korean clothes. 3. The Korean Trousers Korean was a race bared from the Eastern foreign group. It was obvious that the clothes was Baji-Jeogori(바지 저고리), the garment of the Northern people. This had the same form of the Scythian dress and ornaments which was excavated from the Mongolian Noin Ula. The Scythian dress and ornaments were influenced from the Ancient West Asia Empire and transmitted to the Northeast Koguryu by the horseriding Scythian. The trousers were kept in the traditional style by the common people in Korea were transmitted to Japan which were for behind in cultural aspect, as well as got used to the Chinese as the efficient clothes though active cultural exchange. 4. The Japanese Trousers The ancient Japanese clothes were influenced by the Southern factor but not the form of the Koh. As the Korean people group was moving towards Japan and conquer the Japanese in the 4-5th century, however, North Altaic culture was formed and at the same time the clothes were also developed. The most influenced clothes at this time were those of Baekge(百濟) and the trousers form called Euigon became the main form. Because of the climatic regional factor, it was tied not at the ankle but under the knee. From the view the ancient Japanese clothes disappeard about that time, it could be due to the conquest of the culturally superior race but not the transmission of the culture. In the latest 7th century both the Chinese and Japanese dress forms were present, but the Dongho(東胡) dress and its ornament from Korea was still the basic of the Japanese dress form.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.258-277
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• 2020

The purpose of this paper is to examine the paintings and symbols of the Jeju Guandeokjeong murals, Treasure No. 322. Gwandeokjeong Pavilion in Jeju is one of the oldest buildings in Jeju and was built in 1448 during the reign of King Sejong (世宗) of the Joseon Dynasty to serve as a training ground for soldiers. Unlike Gwandeokjeong Pavilions in other regions, Jeju's Gwandeokjeong Pavilion has a long history and is of cultural value due to its beautiful architecture. In addition, it contains various murals which are a further source of attention. There are four murals on the front and back of the two Lintels on the left and right sides of the building. Their contents include of 『The Three Kingdoms (三國志)』 and and on the back. Towards the right, is depicted, with on the back. Based on a replica of the murals from 1976, the plan, style, and age of the Gwandeokjeong Pavilion murals have been studied, together with their meanings. The contents of the mural are broadly divided into five parts, which are identified by the tacit signatures atop the screen, which provide such details as the painting titles. The paintings on the left and right sides of the center appear to inspire the spirit of the military's commerce in order to boost soldiers' morale, protect the country, and protect the people in line with the purpose of Gwandeokjeong Pavilion. The following and figuratively depict guidelines for the behavior and mindset of officials. In particular, is a painting concerned with concepts of longevity and an auspicious (吉祥), which shows how court paintings became popular as folk paintings at that time. The paintings of tangerines and other specialties of Jeju Island, the ritual paintings of Jeokbyeokdaejeon, and the expressions of Mt. Halla (漢拏山) and Oreum (오름) indicate the existence of Jeju artists that belonged to the Jeju government office at that time. The five themes and styles of the murals also show that the murals of Gwandeokjeong Pavilion were produced in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.22-44
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• 2023

The subsistence economics of the early Bronze Age has focused on explaining the intensity of agricultural practices without sufficiently taking into account the diversity of production methods that may arise from cultural types or environmental factors. The problem appears to stem from paying insufficient attention to the question whether we should understand the transition from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age as continuous or discrete. This has hitherto blocked an avenue to investigate the gradual changes in subsistence resource production methods. Taking as its premise that changes in the production methods of subsistence resources in the Bronze Age have been continuous and gradual, this paper seeks to restore the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of factors that may have influenced the early Bronze Age production method. With diverse cultural patterns and ecological spaces of the early Bronze Age being confirmed, the work of restoring the production methods of subsistence resources in a specific period is difficult to achieve with one or two stand-alone analyses. A more appropriate method would involve separating a number of different aspects related to the production of subsistence resources, analyzing and interpreting each, and in the final stage, synthesizing the analyses. The specific research method employed in this paper checked for compositional differences in stone production tools, functionally categorized according to a variety of factors that have a close relationship with the production of subsistence resources: cultural-environmental factors and cultural patterns, geographical and topographical factors, soil productivity, and size of settlement. The results of the analysis are as follows: for the early Bronze Age production pattern of subsistence resources in the Seoul and Gyeonggi regions, while no substantive differences were observed with respect to cultural type, geographical and topographical location, the results show statistically significant differences in the composition of production tools according to settlement size and soil productivity. Also, with an increasing ratio of settlement size and total production soil, increases in hunting and armoring tools, woodworking tools, and harvesting tools were observed; on the other hand, when it came to the ratio of fishing tools, the opposite relationship was observed. While a correlation between settlement size or crop cultivation productivity and dependence on hunting or farming was expected, the results of the regression analysis show that settlement size and soil productivity ratios do not have mutually significant relationships. The results thus illustrate that patterns of production differ according to a variety of factors, and no single factor is decisive in the adoption of subsistence resource production methods by a specific settlement. Therefore, the paper emphasizes the need to investigate the production patterns of subsistence resources according to the variety of cultural and environmental factors that make up settlements in early Bronze Age society.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.766-777
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• 2012

The 13 genre paintings by Junkeun Kim in the book "Korean Games(by Stewart Culin 1858~1929)" were used to study the late $19^{th}$ century's basic costumes and Games style in Korea. The people who appear in the paintings are 26 adult males, 2 minor males, 2 adult females and 3 kisaengs. Typical men wore 'Jeogori' which had various colors and white linings with a reached hip line, and knotted with a 'go-rum' on the right side. They also wore, white colored 'Baji' with colorful sash that were knot below knee or ankle together with 'Hang-jun' or 'Daenim'. They wore 'Beoseon'. Some men wore 'Po' whose colors were blue, green, indigo, white. The general women wore 'Jeogori' in deep green and light pink, indigo, green, red, and they matched with colors for 'Kit' and, 'Go-rum', 'Kut-dong' and its 'Go-rum' was short and narrow. It was so fit and short with narrow sleeve. It had 'Dunggun-kit'(round head collar) with white 'Dong-jung' and so it fit at neck. They wore 'Chi-ma' whose color was red, light green, or light indigo. It contrasted with 'Jeogori'. The width of 'Chi-ma' was big enough. Then white inner slacks came out under the skirt. Traditional Korean games can be classified according to age and gender. Then the games can be further classified into three categories : men's games, women's games, and games for all. The games for adult are an archery practice, hunting, shovel work with a karae, making a bow, drawing Jongkung-chart, Korean chess, playing paduk, and the Korean card game. A swing is a game for women. Games for both men and women are dice play, and domino game. Games for both adult and minor males are sledge, and tightrope walking. Through genre paintings in the $19^{th}$ century, I reached a conclusion that basic costumes are similar to 'Hanbok' at the present time and the method of wearing them has not changed much. It appears that the originality of traditional costumes has been maintained.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 1993

The most effective modality for cold application and the length of the application have not been determined despite many studies about the use of cold. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the most effective modality among three methods of cold application, the most effective length of time for the application and the continuing effect after each type of cold application. Thirty adult patients admitted to medical and neurosurgical unit and with high fever (above 38.2 ℃) were assigned randomly to each of three cold ap-plication methods : (a) ice bag: (b) cold compress; and (c) tepid water sponge bath. Each method was applied to the whole anterior surface except the face and neck with the patient in the supine pos-ition. Rectal temperatures and skin temperatures (mid chest, upper arm, thigh and leg) were measured be-fore each application and every 10 minutes during ,each application for a period of 60 minutes. They were also measured every 10 minutes for 30 minutes after each cold application was finished. The experiments were carried out from Dec. 22. 1992 through Feb. 26, 1993. The data were analysed using means, ANCOVA Sheffe test and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows : 1. There were no significant differences among the three cold application methods in the reduction of body temperature, 2. Among the ice bag, cold compress and tepid water sponge bath groups, the ice bag proved to be the most effective method for lowering skin temperature while the cold compress was least effective. 3. Both rectal and skin temperature continued to decrease during the 60 minutes of cold application, but the hunting phenomena was not observed at any of the cold application sites. 4. There were no significant correlations between mean rectal and skin temperatures. 5. Skin temperatures according to the cold application sites decreased to a range of 3.46℃ to 5.20℃ (mid chest), a range of 4.48℃ 4.96℃ (upper arm), a range of 3.86℃ to 5.05℃ (thigh), and a range of 5.42℃ -7.12℃ (leg ). 6. In continuing effect after the cold applications were finished, rectal temperatures according to ice bag, cold compress and tepid sponge bath decreased to 0.29℃, 0.23℃ and 0.09℃ respectively, while the mean skin temperatures increased to 2.39℃ , 2.04℃ and 2.22℃ respectively. In this experiment the ice bag was the most effective modality for lowering skin temperature. when-ever cold is applied for systemic effect, the continuing effect of cold should be considered. The determination of the most effective length of time for cold application needs further study.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1123-1129
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• 2015

Macro(automatic hunting) of mobile game is a program that touch the screen by defined rules like a game bot in PC online games, and it is used by make various ways like android application or windows application program. This gives honest users deprivation and make to lose their interest. Finally they would leave the game and gradually game life would be shorten. Although many studies to prevent these problems in PC online game are conducted, applying mobile game to PC's way is difficult because mobile games are limited to use the network and device performance is different with PC. In this paper, we propose a framework for macro detection by using the touch event information. A touch event on the mobile game is a necessary control command to the game. Because macro touches the screen with the same pattern, there is a difference between normal user's behavior and macro's operation. In mobile games that casual games are mostly, Touch event is the best difference that identify normal user against macro for a short period of time. As a result of detecting macros used in real mobile game by using the proposed framework it showed 100% accuracy and 0% false positive rate.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.18 no.2 s.23
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• pp.65-66
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• 2004

There have been groves, in many cases, along with hedgerows and remnant forests around a traditional Korean village. A village grove is very closely connected to the life of residents. Sometimes it was a holy place where important village festivals were held, and became a resting place for farmers, especially in sunny summer. As a matter of fact, it is noted that traditional Korean village groves had been fostered for many purpose as religion, Confucianism, scenery, sanitation, traffic guard, public security, agriculture, hunting, and military and public uses were included in Chosun Govemor General(1938). Village groves were usually located at the outlet of watershed inside which a village was built. In addition, village groves used to be established along part of mountain ranges, streams and streets. A unique type of village grove, called bibosoop was fostered especially where the outlet of watershed was largely opened. In other cases, it was placed where a part of mountain range was relatively low, or where village residents were likely to see ugly objects such as a huge cliff, stony upland with an unvegetated area and the like(Kim and Jang 1994). In a sense, a sheltebelt is a sort of bibosoop as it is a landscape element to complement places that are exposed to strong winds. However, it is comparable to other typical bibosoop that is situated at a topographically very specific zone of watershed. In this paper, we will address potential functions of Korean village groves from a perspective of modern landscape ecology and show current status of some remnants, based on preliminary surveys. A village grove functions as barrier or filter of objects such as water, nutrients, and other elements and habitat of wildlife (park et al. 2003, Lee 2004). The village grove slows down the flow of water and air, maintains soil moisture an hinders soil erosion, enabling cultivation of crops and bringing up creatures nearby. It contributes to enhancing biodiversity. Birds rest on shrubby and woody trees of the element. Presumably, other organisms may also inhabit the village groves and take advantage of it when those move from a forest patch to others. Emerging insects acclimate themselves in the shade of the green space before they fly to sunny air. Besides the village grove acts as a component of agroforestry system as leaf litter is shed from a grove to an asjacent agricultural area, and transformed into green manure(Lee 2004). By the way, many of the landscape elements were destroyed or declined in Koea during the past several decades. The losses have been parallel or linked to environmental degradation. Unfortunately, we have a little reliable data as for how many groves have disappeared in Korea until now. There has been no complete census on the village groves in Korea, and the viewpoints of survey were to a degree different depending on surveyors. So, it is difficult to analyze the temporal and spatial change of village groves. Currently, national inventory data of Korean village groves are available in three reports. We reviewed the locations of village groves and arranged those according to the present administrative units, DONG. With the limited data, we found that at least 484 of village groves were recorded in South Korea. Among all provinces, village groves were most in Gyeongsanbuk-Do Province and least in Chungcheongbuk-Do Province(Table 1). This is a preliminary report prepared while some quantitative data regarding functions and lossers of the village groves are being collected. More detailed data will be introduced in the near future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1991

The heavy metal contents accumulated in the birds organ were analyzed by use of 10 species of birds to investigate the environmental pollution of the birds inhabited in Mt. Chiri. Heavy metal concentrations in bird organs, e.g. muscle, liver, kidney, lung and heart were analyzed for 10 species of the birds. 1. Contents of some heavy metal elements such as Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were similar level compared with any other district. But contents of some heavy metal elements shch as Pb, Cd and Hg were comparatively lower level than those in any other district. 2. The contents of heavy metal accumulation in the muscle of the bird organs were detected much more from the migrants than the resident birds ; the resident bird, Phasianus colchicus were detected to contain $0.01{\mu}g/g$ og Hg and $0.05{\mu}g/g$ of Cd, but in the migrant bird, Turdus dauma they were detected to contain $0.17{\mu}g/g$ of Hg and $0.08{\mu}g/g$ of Cd. 3. The contents of lead were scarcely detected in the muscle of 10 species of birds, but it was highly detected from the hunting (meat-eating) birds such as Phasianus colchicus ($0.17{\mu}g/g$) and Streptopelia orientalis ($0.11{\mu}g/g$). Generally, the concentration of heavy metals of the analyzed birds was more mercury than Cadmium.