• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.111-115
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• 2016

Glycerol was identified and isolated from endogenous interferences during analysis of human urine using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for doping control. Urinary sample preparation was simple; the samples were diluted with an organic solvent and then analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry ("dilute and shoot" method). Although the interfering ion peaks were observed at the similar retention time of glycerol, the inference could be identified by isolation with HRMS and further investigation. Thus, creatinine was identified as the endogenous interference for glycerol analysis and it also caused ion suppression resulting in the decrease of glycerol signal. This study reports the first identification and efficient isolation of endogenous interferences in human urine for "dilute and shoot" method. The information about ion suppression could be novel to prevent overestimation or a false result for antidoping analysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.140-147
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• 2004

Urokinase is an enzyme with fibrinolytic activity (plasminogen activator) isolated from fresh urine of healthy men. Viral safety is an important prerequisite for clinical preparation of the protein from urine. In order to increase the viral safety of a high purity urokinase in regard to non-enveloped viruses, a virus removal process using a novel polyvinylidene fluoride membrane filter (Viresolve NFP) has been optimized. Urokinase was able to pass through the filter with recoveries of 95% in the production scale process. No substantial changes were observed in physical and biochemical characteristics of the filtered urokinase in comparison with those of the enzyme before filtration. A 47-mm disk membrane filter was used to simulate the process performance of the production scale cartridges and tested if it could remove several experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including porcine parvovirus (PPV), human hepatitis A virus (HAV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpes virus (BHV). Non-enveloped viruses (PPV, HAV, and EMCV) as well as enveloped viruses (BVDV and BHV) were completely removed during filtration. The log reduction factors achieved were $\geq$4.86 for PPV, $\geq$4.60 for HAV, $\geq$6.87 for EMCV, $\geq$4.60 for BVDV, and $\geq$5.44 for BHV. These results indicate that the virus filtration process successfully improved the viral safety of the final products.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.186-192
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• 2002

Special attention has been paid to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for athlete doping control because it stimulates the endogenous production of testosterone and epitestosterone without increasing the T/E ratio which is a doping indicator for the exogenous administration of testosterone. Even though the IOC banned the use of hCG, a detection method has not been decided upon since there are a variety of immunoassay kits available on the market. We evaluated three kits in terms of their performance characteristics. The assay value of the control sample varied depending on the kit, resulting in 198 mIU/ml for the MAIA kit, 172mIU/ml for the IRMA kit, and 143 mIU/ml for the MEIA kit. Considering the IOC inter-lab distribution of results(55-312 mIU/ml) using 27 different kits and the mean value (178$\pm$56 mIU/ml), all three kits are within the range of －15.8% - ＋5.6% of the mean value, which proves them useful for the hCG assay. The MEIA kit resulted in lower hCG values because it detects only intact hCG molecules, in contrast to the other two kits which detect intact hCG and -hCG together. However, it is suitable for screening purposes because of its advantage of being an automated system. When 123 urine samples of athletes were analyzed in 22 batches using this system, the variation of control values fell within $\pm$ 10% of the mean values, and an specimens tested negative with hCG values less than the detection limit of 2 mIU/ml.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.473-479
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• 1998

Lovastatin (LOVA), a fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus, is a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used for the treatment of primary hyper cholesterolemia, and has also been shown to suppress growth in a variety of non-glioma tumor cell lines. A sensitive reversed-phase high-perfonnance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet (UV) absorbance detection has been developed to quantitate LOVA in human plasma and urine samples using liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Baseline separation of LOVA and internal standard, simvastatin was achieved on a Novapak $C_{18}$ analytical column with a mobile phase containing 0.025M $NaH_2PO_4$: CAN (35:65, v/v%), adjusted pH to 4.5. The flow rate was set at 1.5ml/min, and the column effluent was monitored by a UV detection at 238nm. The limit of quantification was determined to be 0.5${\mu}$g/ml while extraction efficiency of LOVA ranged from 73.4-82.9% at LOVA concentrations of 0.5 to 10${\mu}$g/ml. Good linearity with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999 was obtained in the range of LOVA concentrations from 0.5 to 10${\mu}$g/ml. The accuracy and the precision were proven excellent with relative standard deviation (RSD, %) and relative error (RE, %) of less than 4.2 and 4.0, respectively. Intraday precision, evaluated at five LOVA concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10${\mu}$g/ml) and expressed as RSD ranged from 0-1.82% while the interday precision at the same concentrations ranged from 0.7-10.5%. The analytical method described was then successfully employed for the determination of LOVA concentrations in plasma samples obtained during a phase II clinical trial using high doses of LOVA (30-40mg/kg/day). This method could be further utilized for the ongoing pharmacolkinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of the high-dose LOVA therapy in adenocarcinoma patients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.838-853
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to develop various types of a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimating the habitual sodium intake and to evaluate the validity of a 125 item dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 125) with the DFQ 70, DFQ 36 and DFQ 15. For the DFQ 125, one hundred and twenty five dish items were selected based on the information of sodium content of a one serving size, consumption frequency and dish items that contributed most to the variation of sodium intake. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than 3 times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past 6 months. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 125 was $5775.0{\pm}3636.3mg$, 12.6% higher than that estimated with a 24 hr urine analysis ($5009.7{\pm}1541.9mg$) and significant correlation was observed between them (r=0.3315, p<0.001). When sodium content in broth leftover was subtracted from the total intake, the actual sodium intakes was decreased to $5309.6{\pm}3076.6mg$, which was 3.2% higher than that with a 24-hr urine analysis. Overall, 56% of subjects in the lowest quintile of sodium intake computed with DFQ 125 were also in the lowest of adjacent quintile while categorization into the opposite quintile were 4.9%. DFQ 70 was developed from DFQ 125 by omitting the food items not frequently consumed, selecting the dish items that showed higher sodium content per one portion size and higher consumption frequency. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 70 ($5026.6{\pm}3107.1mg$) showed only 0.2% difference from that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis, significant correlation with it (r=0.3199, p<0.001) and higher proportion of subjects to be classified into the same or adjacent quintile. The sodium intake estimated with DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 was also significancy correlated with that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis (r=0.3441, p<0.001; r=0.321, p<0.001 respectively) and more. The proportion of subjects was classified into the same or adjacent quintile. However, the actual sodium intake estimated with DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 were $3534.0{\pm}1804.6mg\;and\;2508.0{\pm}1261.5mg$, respectively, 31.3% or 51.3% less than that estimated with a 24-hr urine analysis. It seems the DFQ 125 with subtraction of sodium content in broth leftover or DFQ 70 can be used quantitatively to estimate sodium intake of adults. DFQ 36 or DFQ 15 can be used as a screening tool or to assess the changes of sodium intake after nutrition education.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2008

Dialkylated phthalates have been commonly used as plasticizers and a variety of applications. Phthalate diesters have been shown to be developmental and reproductive toxicants. It is very difficult to exactly estimate the dose of dialkylated phthalates taken up by the general population because of environmental contamination. Urinary metabolites of phthalates enabled to estimate internal exposure. The objective of this study was quantitative determination of phthalate metabolites by LC/MS/MS with on-line cleanup method to analyze phthalate metabolites in Korean children's urine. We employed LC/MS/MS with on-line enrichment and column-switching techniques for this biological monitoring. Metabolites determined were 4 primary metabolites; MEHP, MnBP, MiBP, MEP and 2 secondary metabolites of DEHP; 5-OH-MEHP), 5-oxo-MEHP. We analyzed children's urine from 30 boys and 30 girls. The method detection limit of phthalate metabolites were 0.03 ng/mL for MEP, 1.05 ng/mL for MBP, 0.22 ng/mL for MEHP, 0.15 ng/mL for 5-OHMEHP and 0.16 ng/mL for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Switching Column LC/MS/MS was proven to be a useful tool to determine metabolites of phthalate diesters in human urine. The correlation among phthalate metabolites was very high and statistically significant, except MEP. The children's age (months) was negatively correlated to the concentration of phthalate metabolites. The geometric mean concentration of phthalate metabolites (mg/g creatinine) in children's urine were 25.5 for MEP, 130.3 for MnBP, 56.8 for MiBP, 19.5 for MEHP, 85.6 for 5-OH-MEHP and 83.1 for 5-oxo-MEHP, respectively. Levels of estimated daily intake of parent phthalate compounds (${\mu}g$/kg bw/day) were 0.8 for DEP, 5.0 for DnBP, 1.9 for DiBP and $8.9{\sim}14.2$ for DEHP, respectively. Estimated daily intake for DEP and DiBP were lower than those of other studies but the value for DEHP was higher than that of other study.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.441-448
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• 2006

11-nor-9-carboxy-${\Delta}^9$-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) is the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the primary psychoactive component of marijuana. It is also the target analyte for the discrimination marijuana use. A method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the determination of THCCOOH in human urine. Urine samples (3 mL) were extracted by SPE column with a cation exchange cartridge after basic hydrolysis. The eluents were then evaporated, derivatized, and injected into the GC/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.4 and 1.2 ng/mL, respectively. The response was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 within the concentration range of 1.2 (LLE 1.3)~50.0 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy were stable within 1.20% and the recovery was 83.6~90.7%. The recovery of SPE method was lower than that of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), but there were no apparent differences in LOD, LOQ, precision and accuracy between the two methods. While SPE method is used as a very effective and rapid procedure for sample pretreatment, and clean extracts, LLE method was not suitable for the extraction procedure of THCCOOH in urine. The applicability of the method was proven by analyzing a urine samples from a marijuana abusers.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1982

Normal range of mercury contents in blood and its relationship with urinary mercury excretion were studies with 68 healthy male adults living in Seoul city, who had no obvious evidence of .either occupational exposure to mercury or therapeutic use of mercurial agents. Mercury analysis was made by means of dithizone colorimetric method with coefficient of variation of 10.9% in .an average ranging from 5.1% to 18.0%. 1. Mercury contents in normal human blood were both normally and log-normally distributed, and better fitted to the latter. 2. Geometric mean and standard deviation of the mercury contents were $24.0(log^{-1}1.38){\pm}1.66{\mu}g/100ml(log^{-1}0.22{\mu}g/100ml)$ ranging from 7.2 to 79.7 ${\mu}g/100ml$ with 95% confidence interval. 3. Mercury contents in normal human blood differed from person to person (p<0.01), and the variability of the measurements was negligible (p>0.05). 4. Mercury in the blood was contained much higher in erythrocytes than in plasma (p<0.01), showing the geometric means of $21.0{\pm}1.25{\mu}g/100ml$ in red blood cells and $14.3{\pm}1.62{\mu}g/100ml$ in plasma, respectively. 5. Mercury contents in normal human blood had a relationship of power function with mercury excretion in urine corrected with a gram of creatinine excretion per liter of urine (p<0.10).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5519-5525
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Thai women after breast cancer. Currently, the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear is the recommended procedure for cervical cancer screening in Thailand, but only a relatively small percentage of women follow this screening program. An alternative method to detect HPV genotypes associated with cervical cancer is self-sampling of urine, which is a more widely accepted method. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV in Thai women using urine and cervical swabs and prevalence of HPV in Thai men using urine samples. Materials and Methods: Tumorigenic HPV detection was accomplished by electrochemical DNA chip and PCR/direct sequencing. In addition to HPV prevalence, we report the concordance between different methods and sample types. One-hundred and sixteen women and 100 men were recruited. Histological examination revealed normal cytology in 52 women, atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in 9, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) in 24, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in 31. One-hundred men were classified as heterosexuals (n=45) and homosexuals (n=55). Results: The most prevalent HPV genotype in our study was HPV16. The HPV detection rate was generally lower in urine samples compared with cervical samples. Overall, there was good agreement for the detection of carcinogenic HPV from female cervical samples between the DNA chip and PCR/sequencing, with 88.8% total agreement and a kappa value of 0.76. In male urine samples, the level of agreement was higher in heterosexuals compared with homosexuals. Conclusions: Further improvement is required to increase an overall yield of HPV DNA detection in urine samples before clinical application of a urine-based HPV screening program. The electrochemical DNA chip test is a promising technique for carcinogenic HPV detection.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.41-46
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• 2023

Human urine is a process of excreting waste products in the blood, and it is easy to collect and contains various substances. Urinalysis is used to check for diseases, health conditions, and urinary tract infections. There are three methods of urinalysis: physical property test, chemical test, and microscopic test, and chemical test results can be easily confirmed using urine test strips. A variety of items can be tested on the urine test strip, through which various diseases can be identified. Recently, with the spread of smart phones, research on reading urine test strips using smart phones is being conducted. There is a method of detecting and reading the color change of a urine test strip using a smartphone. This method uses the RGB values and the color difference formula to discriminate. However, there is a problem in that accuracy is lowered due to various environmental factors. This paper applies a deep learning model to solve this problem. In particular, color discrimination of a urine test strip is improved in a smartphone using a lightweight CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) model. CNN is a useful model for image recognition and pattern finding, and a lightweight version is also available. Through this, it is possible to operate a deep learning model on a smartphone and extract accurate urine test results. Urine test strips were taken in various environments to prepare deep learning model training images, and a urine test service application was designed using MobileNet V3.