Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5806/AST.2006.19.5.441

Determination of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) in human urine by solid-phase extraction and GC/MS  

Cheong, Jae Chul (Drug Analysis Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office)
Kim, Jin Young (Drug Analysis Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office)
In, Moon Kyo (Drug Analysis Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutors' Office)
Cheong, Won Jo (Department of Chemistry, Inha University)
Publication Information
Analytical Science and Technology / v.19, no.5, 2006 , pp. 441-448 More about this Journal
Abstract
11-nor-9-carboxy-${\Delta}^9$-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) is the major metabolite of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the primary psychoactive component of marijuana. It is also the target analyte for the discrimination marijuana use. A method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed for the determination of THCCOOH in human urine. Urine samples (3 mL) were extracted by SPE column with a cation exchange cartridge after basic hydrolysis. The eluents were then evaporated, derivatized, and injected into the GC/MS. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were 0.4 and 1.2 ng/mL, respectively. The response was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 within the concentration range of 1.2 (LLE 1.3)~50.0 ng/mL. The precision and accuracy were stable within 1.20% and the recovery was 83.6~90.7%. The recovery of SPE method was lower than that of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), but there were no apparent differences in LOD, LOQ, precision and accuracy between the two methods. While SPE method is used as a very effective and rapid procedure for sample pretreatment, and clean extracts, LLE method was not suitable for the extraction procedure of THCCOOH in urine. The applicability of the method was proven by analyzing a urine samples from a marijuana abusers.
Keywords
THCCOOH; LLE; SPE; GC/MS; Urine;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 R. C. Baselt, 'Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man', 2nd Ed., 795, Biomedical Publications, U.S.A., 1982
2 M. A. Huestis, J. M. Mitchell, and E. J. Cone. J. Anal. Toxicol., 20(6), 441-452 (1996)   DOI   ScienceOn
3 D. A. Armbruster, R. H. Schwarzhoff, E. C. Hubster, and M. K. Liserio, Clin. Chem., 39, 2137-2141 (1993)
4 M. A. Elsohly, S. Feng, W. J. Kopycki, T. P. Murply, A. B. Jones, A. Davis, and D. Carr, J. Anal. Toxicol., 21(3), 240-242 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
5 L. O'Dell, K. Rymut, G. Chaney, T. Darpino, and M. Telepchak, J. Anal. Toxicol., 21(6), 433-437 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn
6 M. C. Langen, G. A. de Bijl, and A. C. Egberts, J. Anal. Toxicol., 24(6), 433-437 (2000)   DOI   ScienceOn
7 A. P. Mason and A. J. McBay, J. Forensic Sci., 30(3), 615-31 (1985)
8 P. Kintz, D. Machart, C. Jamey, and P. Mangin, J. Anal. Toxicol., 19(5), 304-306 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
9 H. Teixeira, P. Proenca, A. Verstraete, F. Corte-Real, and D. N. Vieira, Forensic Sci. Int., 150, 205-211 (2006)   DOI
10 M. Vandevenne, H. Vandenbussche, and A Verstraete, Acta. Clin. Belg., 55(6), 323-333 (2000)   DOI
11 M. A Elsohly and S. Feng, J. Anal. Toxicol., 22(4), 329-335 (1998)   DOI   ScienceOn
12 C. Staub, J. Chromatogr., B 733, 119-126 (1999)   DOI
13 V. Rajananda, V. Navaratnam, and N. K. Nair, 'Analytical methods for the identification of the principal cannabinoid metabolite in urine', 113, V. Navaratnam Ed., National Drug Research Centre Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 1985
14 P. M. Kemp, I. K. Abukhalaf, J. E. Manno, B. R. Manno, D. D. Alford, M. E. Mcwilliams, F. E. Nixon, M. J. Fitzgerald, R. R. Reeves, and M. J. Wood, J. Anal. Toxicol., 19(5), 292-298 (1995)   DOI   ScienceOn
15 G. M. aballero, C. D'Angelo, M. S. Fraguio, and O. T. Cenrurion, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 42(10), 540-544 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
16 H. Teixeira, P. Proenca, A. Castanheira, S. Santos, M. Lopez-Rivadulla, F. Corte-Real, E. P. Marques, and D. N. Vieira, Forensic Sci. Int., 146, Suppl : S61-63 (2004)   DOI   ScienceOn
17 'TDx/TDxFLx; Cannbinoids', 10, Abbott Laboratories, U.S.A., 1994
18 R. A. Gustafson, E. T. Moolchan, A. Barnes, B. Levine, and M. A. Huestis, J. Chromatogr., B 798, 145-154 (2003)   DOI   ScienceOn
19 'Forensic applications notebook', 51, Waters Corporation, U.S.A., 2001
20 P. Kintz and V. Cirimele, Biomed. Chromatogr., 11, 371-376 (1997)   DOI   ScienceOn