• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.sup1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2009

Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of severe diarrhea disease in infants and young children worldwide. Rotavirus infects every child at least once by her/his $5^{th}$ birthday. It has been known that single episode of rotavirus infection can protect or alleviate subsequent illness caused by both homotypic and heterotypic rotaviruses. There are two currently licensed rotavirus vaccines. One is human-bovine rotavirus reassortant pentavalent vaccine ($RotaTeq^{TM}$), which contains five reassortant rotavirus (expressing protein G1, G2, G3, G4 and P[8]) and was licensed in Korea for use among infants in 2007. Another is live-attenuated human rotavirus vaccine ($Rotarix^{TM}$) derived from 89-12 strain which represents the most common of the human rotavirus VP7(G1) and VP4(P[8]) antigens. $Rotarix^{TM}$ was licensed in Korea in 2008. Both live oral rotavirus vaccines are efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.538-542
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the toxicity of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from kefir toward MA104 cells and evaluate the inhibitory effects of kefir EPS on rotavirus infection. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum, L. acidophilus, L. brevis) and yeasts (Candida kefyr, Cryptococcus albidus, Pichia ohmeri) were isolated and identified from kefir grain and culture. At 1% EPS, the inhibitory effects of EPS on the infection of MA-104 cells using the MTT assay were $72.52{\pm}6.48%$ for human rotavirus (KU), $36.06{\pm}7.63%$ for bovine rotavirus (NCDV), and $81.66{\pm}1.11%$ for porcine rotavirus (OSU). At 1/128% EPS, the effects were $24.98{\pm}4.58%$ for human rotavirus (KU), $4.71{\pm}6.16%$ for bovine rotavirus (NCDV), and $4.05{\pm}14.90%$ forporcine rotavirus (OSU). EPS isolated from kefir have inhibitory effects on rotaviruses of various serotypes and rotaviruses from different animals.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.118-122
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of betulinic acid isolated from Ziziphus jujuba on various human rotavirus, such as KU, S2 and YO. The results obtained are summarized as follows: At the concentration of betulinic acid 0.1/2%, all human rotavirus is showed a maximum effect on their growth even though it's evaluated on the in vitro test. The each inhibitory rate of MA-104 cells infected by human rotavirus KU, S2 and YO was 62.1%, 59.7% and 65.2%, respectively, at the concentration of 0.1/2%. The anti-virus activity of betulinic acid was showed as the dose-dependent manner at the used dosages except at the dose of 0.1%.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 1999

Effects of protease, $CaCl_2$ EGTA, polybrene, medium pH, and formaldehyde on the infection and inactivation of human rotavirus Wa were investigated using T-flask culture of monkey kidney MA-104 cells. Rotavirus titer was improved by the addition of trypsin or clostripain. Rotavirus titer was increaeed 8 and 10 time sin the infection medium supplemented with 300 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of $CaCl_2$ and in the medium adjusted its pH to 8, respectively. However, addition of EGTA or polybrene to the medium decreased rotavirus titer. Rotavirus titer was reduced to 53-95% of the initial value at 1 hr after formaldehyde treatment. Furthermore, rotavirus was inactivated more than 98% at 12 hrs after formaldehyde treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 1999

It has long been known that lactoferrin prevents human beings from infection of virus. To prove this activity of lactoferrin, we evaluated the activities of different lactoferrins to an isolate human rotavirus K-21. Bovine lactoferrin inhibited infection of K-21 to MA-104 cell at the concentration of $25.9\;{\mu}M$ whereas bovine hydrolysed lactoferrin prevented rotavirus infection at $103.8\;{\mu}M$. However human lactoferrin prevented infection of K-21 at the concentration of $217.5\;{\mu}M$. These data suggested that lactoferrin activity may be unaffected by the intestinal digestive enzymes and bovine lactoferrin is more active than human lactoferrin with respect to prevention of rotavirus infection.

• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2003

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2011

The inhibitory effect of a polysaccharide from kefir on human rotavirus infection in MA-104 cells was investigated. The extracted polysaccharide was separated as fraction I in unbound materials and as fractions II, III, and IV in bound materials. Adding polysaccharide fractions II (4.8 mg/mL), III (5.3 mg/mL), and IV (1.4 mg/mL) inhibited the infection of MA-104 cells by human rotavirus. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50) were 0.075, 0.083, and 0.022 mg/mL, respectively. Based on these results, the kefir polysaccharide has anti-rotavirus activity. In conclusion, a polysaccharide from kefir had more than a 97% inhibition effect against human rotavirus infection in MA-104 cells.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

The rotavirus-induced diarrhea of human and animal neonates is a major public health concern worldwide. Until recently, no effective therapy is available to specifically inactivate the rotavirion particles within the gut. Passive immunotherapy by oral administration of chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) has emerged of late as a fresh alternative strategy to control infectious diseases of the alimentary tract and has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea due to rotavirus infection. The purpose of this concise review is to evaluate evidence on the properties and performance of anti-rotavirus immunoglobulin Y (IgY) for prevention and treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in human and animal neonates. A survey of relevant anti-rotavirus IgY basic studies and clinical trials among neonatal animals (since 1994-2015) and humans (since 1982-2015) have been reviewed and briefly summarized. Our analysis of a number of rotavirus investigations involving animal and human clinical trials revealed that anti-rotavirus IgY significantly reduced the severity of clinical manifestation of diarrhea among IgY-treated subjects relative to a corresponding control or placebo group. The accumulated information as a whole depicts oral IgY to be a safe and efficacious option for treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in neonates. There is however a clear need for more randomized, placebo controlled and double-blind trials with bigger sample size to further solidify and confirm claims of efficacy and safety in controlling diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection especially among human infants with health issues such as low birth weights or compromised immunity in whom it is most needed.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2006

The mutability and frequency of genetic reassortment characteristic of rotavirus and resultant antigenic changes make the rotavirus formidable challenges for control efforts such as the vaccine development. An alternative approach to overcome these difficulties in development of the rotavirus vaccine is to develop effective inhibitors of the virus infection. As an effort to achieve this, effects of glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), which is an active component of glycyrrhizin, on MA-14 cell infection were examined by employing the human rotavirus isolated from Korea, K-21. The data obtained showed that MA-104 cell infection of the K-21 rotavirus was greatly influenced by the presence of both $18{\alpha}-Ga\;and\;18{\beta}-GA$. Both types of GA have inhibited more than 60% of the rotaviral infection at the concentration of 7.68mM. This inhibition effect became much more evident at the higher concentrations of GA. However, the type of GA did not make much differences on the inhibition effect of the drug. Although GA has to be used in high concentrations to exhibit anti-viral activity and to be virostatic, a long history of safe and high dose usage of licoriece in clinical settings in the Far East makes the GA as an attractive inhibitor of the rotaviral infection.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.478-482
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• 2018

Human rotavirus is a causative agent of acute diarrhea among children. The artificial gene encoding the truncated $VP8^*$ protein of human rotavirus A (serotype 1 strain WA) was synthesized according to the Escherichia coli codon preference. The synthetic $VP8^*$ gene also possessed the NdeI and HindIII restriction sites for the convenient in-frame cloning for translation and a 6-histidine tag at C-terminus for Ni+ affinity purification. Molecular weight of the truncated $VP8^*$ protein deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the artificial gene was a 19.7-kDa. This synthetic $VP8^*$ DNA fragment was inserted into the pT7-7 expression vector and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Transformants harboring the synthetic gene encoding the $VP8^*$ protein was induced by supplement of a final concentration of 0.05 mM ITPG at $20^{\circ}C$. Protein crude extract from the E. coli transformants was subjected to Western blotting with the mouse anti-rotavirus capsid antibody, showing ~20-kDa $VP8^*$ protein band. The truncated $VP8^*$ protein band was also observed by Western blotting using the rabbit polyclonal antibody serum made against the truncated $VP8^*$ protein. This study suggested that the synthetic gene could be used as an easy way to produce the antigenic vaccine candidate for control of virus-associated diseases or to develop antibodies for diagnostic purpose.