• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2015

본 연구는 ${\beta}$-galactosidase와 효모 발효에 의해 고순도 갈락토올리도당(HP-GOS)의 제조를 위한 효율적인 방법을 찾고자 수행하였다. 6종의 상업용 ${\beta}$-galactosidase를 이용해 효소반응 전후의 구성당을 각각 비교한 결과, Lactozym 3000L을 이용하여 제조한 GOS에서 효소반응을 통해 생성된 total GOS의 양이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 생성된 GOS의 농도는 초기 lactose로부터 51%의 전환율을 나타냈다. 또한 GOS의 수율은 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)의 발효에 의해 더욱 높아졌는데, 효모를 8% 첨가하여 36시간 발효 후 생성된 GOS의 농도는 71%까지 도달했음을 확인하였다. HPLC를 이용한 구성당 분석 결과, S. cerevisiae에 의한 발효를 통해 제조한 HP-GOS에는 발효 전에 존재했던 glucose의 함량이 급감되었을 뿐 아니라, 4'/6'-galactosyllactose와 total GOS의 양은 유의적으로 증가되었다. HP-GOS는 상업용 GOS보다 Lactobacillus 속(L. acidophilus and L. casei) 및 Bifidobacterium 속(B. longum and B. bifidum)의 성장을 촉진시키는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 효소 처리 및 효모 발효를 통해 고순도의 GOS가 제조되었으며, 제조된 HP-GOS는 상업용 GOS에 비해 장내 유용균으로 알려진 Bifidobacterium 속과 Lactobacillus 속의 생육을 증가시킴으로써 인간의 장내 건강에도 유익한 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.70-73
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional characteristics of horsemeat and bone meal in comparison with those of beef and pork presented by Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans. Longissimus muscle and large metacarpal bone samples were collected from 20 fattened Jeju horses. Muscle samples were subjected to proximate analysis, assays for fatty acid profile and minerals, and bone samples to mineral assays. Horsemeal had similar levels of protein (21.1 vs 21.0 or 21.1%) and lower levels of fat (6.0 vs 14.1 or 16.1%) compared with beef or pork, respectively. Horsemeat had much higher levels of palmitoleic (8.2 vs 4.4 or 3.3%) and $\alpha-linolenic$ (1.4 vs 0.1 or 0.6%) acids than beef or pork, respectively. Linoleic acid was much higher in horsemeat (11.1%) and pork (10.1%) than in beef (1.6%). PUFA:SFA and n-6:n-3 ratios in horsemeat were 0.29 and 10.2, respectively. There were no big differences in mineral contents between horsemeat, beef and pork. For daily recommended mineral intakes of male adults (Dietary Reference Intakes For Koreans), phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc and copper can be provided up to 24, 2.5, 6.7, 21, 26 and 40%, respectively, by 100 g raw horsemeat, but calcium and manganese levels are negligible. Horse cannon bone had much higher mineral contents especially in calcium (10,193 mg/100 g), phosphorus (5,874 mg/100 g) and copper (0.79 mg/100 g). Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and retinol contents were 0.20, 0.21, 1.65 mg/100 g and $30{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. But ascorbic acid and beta-carotene were not detected. Our data demonstrated that higher levels of palmitoleic and $\alpha-linolenic$ acid in horsemeat than in beef and pork may be beneficial for human health. Horsemeat and bone meal are a good source of some minerals and vitamins.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.168-174
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate correlation between soybean and their products consumption and risk factors for atherosclerosis in the healthyKorean adults. Health behaviors such as smoking, exercise, alcohol consumption and dietary patterns and nutrient intakes of 193 healthy adult subjects aged from 26 to 69 were assessed by using interview and semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The BMI, blood pressure and biochemical parameters of blood were examined as well as preferences for taste and family history of disease. Data were expressed as quartile according to soybean and their products consumption. The average daily soybean and their product consumption for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th percentile group were 36, 78, 112, and 182g, respectively. The more consumption of soybean and their products, the more intake of energy, protein, lipid, fiber, Ca, cholesterol as well as frequency of exercise, smoking and drinking. Serum TG, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and AI as risk factors of atherosclerosis were positively correlated with smoking and drinking (p<0.05). Especially, serum TG was positively correlated with hypertension and BMI (p<0.01). But, no correlation between exercise, salty taste, meat preference, soybean products consumption and atherosclerosis risk factors was found, which means that life styles such as smoking and drinking rather than dietary habits might influence atherosclerosis in healthy adults. In conclusion, present soy products consumption should be increased by way of developing new generation soy products in order to exert anti-atherosclerotic effect by soybean in human.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권3호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2019

Vitamin $B_3$ (niacin) is essential for all living cells and plays a central role in energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Vitamin $B_3$, a water-soluble vitamin, is present in the form of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, a monocarboxylic acid derivative of pyridine. While nicotinic acid is commonly effective in lowering cholesterol levels, unlike nicotinic acid, nicotinamide is ineffective on lipids. Presence rates of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, which are the available forms of vitamin $B_3$, are different for each food. However, the studies in the literature are generally based on the analysis of total amount of vitamin $B_3$ in foods and the studies determining the profile of vitamin $B_3$ in foods are limited. The aim of the study was to determine the vitamin $B_3$ profiles of 10 kinds of animal based food and 10 different plant based food samples. In this study, 10 kinds of animal based food samples consisting of veal (veal steak fillet), chicken (breast), turkey meat (thigh), goat meat (leg, belly), lamb (leg, back, arm), mutton (belly), bovine meat (loin) and 10 different plant based food samples namely; barley, rye, wheat (bread), wheat (durum), oat, rice, dried pea, green lentil, red lentil and chickpea were studied by high performance liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization system. The presence rates of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were determined in the meat samples as 30% and 70% and as 87% and 13% in the cereal and legume samples, respectively. Nicotinic acid levels were found in low amounts in the meat samples. The amounts of nicotinic acid in the cereal and legume samples were significantly higher than the meat samples. Consequently, the plant based foods such as cereals and legumes, with a ratio of 87% nicotinic acid presence, standout as the best source of nicotinic acid and encouraging regular intake of those cereals and legumes containing rich nicotinic acid would remove nicotinic acid deficiency in human.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.463-473
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate perceptions of body image, body satisfaction, and dietary habits of beauty art major and non-major college students in Gyeonggi province. A total of 312 self-administered questionnaires (beauty art majors=145; non-majors=167) were analyzed. The means for height, weight, and BMI were 161.7 cm, 51.4 kg and 19.7, respectively. There were more majors who were underweight according to BMI classification than non-majors. Sixty-six percent of the subjects had previous weight control experience, and there was no significant difference between the majors and non-majors. The mean score for current body image was 4.61 out of a possible 9 points in the majors, which was significantly lower than 4.95 in the non-majors, and their perception of an ideal body image was thinner than their current body image. Those with more weight control experience had currently heavier perceptions of their body. The mean score for body satisfaction was 2.60 out of a possible 5 points, which was lower than the mean score for their attitudes toward the importance of their bodies. The mean score for dietary habits was 2.80 out of a possible 5 points, and there was no significant difference with dietary habits according to weight control experience or BMI classification. In both the majors and non-majors, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and perception of current body image (p<0.001, p<0.001), and a negative correlation between BMI and body satisfaction (p<0.01, p<0.001). In the major students, there were significant positive correlations between dietary habits and body satisfaction (p<0.01), and attitudes toward the body importance (p<0.05); therefore, the greater their body satisfaction and body importance, the higher their scores for dietary habits.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.203-216
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• 2016

지난 수십 년 동안 행복과 건강에 있어서 식품의 긍정적인 역할에 대한 소비자들의 관심과 인식의 증가 등의 이유로 기능성 식품의 생산 방향으로 식품산업이 변화되어가고 있다. Probiotic 식품의 정의에 의하면, 소비자들의 건강에 도움을 줄 수 있는 충분한 양의 살아있는 미생물을 반드시 포함해야 된다고 규정하고 있다. 오늘날 많은 probiotic 식품들이 판매되고 있으며, 또한 다양한 probiotic 균주들은 상업적으로 이용되고 있다. 하지만, 미생물들의 실제적으로 잠재적인 능력을 어떻게 평가하는 것은 매우 관심을 가지는 부분이다. 왜냐하면 최근 관련 문헌의 검사에서도 알 수 있듯이, probiotic 관련 연구가 급속하게 증가하고 있기에 더욱더 이 부분은 중요하게 인식되어지고 있다. 비록 대부분의 probiotic 미생물들은 식품 또는 공생세균으로서 일반적으로 안전하다고 여겨지고 있지만, 그 외의 재료들에서 얻은 probiotics는 법적인 규제와 안전문제에 대한 우려가 더욱더 증가되고 있는 것은 사실이다. Probiotic으로서 잠재력을 가진 균주들은 in vitro 또는 in vivo 검사를 통해서 선별되어질 수 있다. 예를 들면, 위장 또는 담즙과 같은 산성의 조건에서도 생존능력은 간단한 실험을 통해서 평가될 수 있으며, 또는 면역 활성, 신진대사 기능 또는 장-뇌 상호작용과 같은 복잡한 숙주 기능에서도 영향력의 평가가 가능하게 이루어질 수 있다. 인간의 건강 증진을 위해서는 반드시 고려되어야 하는 것은 궁극적으로 인간을 대상으로 진행되는 임상시험이지만, 지금까지 긍정적인 결과를 나타내는 연구를 통해서 밝혀진 소수의 균주들만이 법적으로 건강 기능성 강조표시(health claim)를 획득할 수 있었다. 따라서 현재 probiotics라고 규정하는데 이용되는 검사방법들의 유효성에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 본 총설논문에서 probiotics의 선별에 이용되는 가장 일반적인 방법과 이들 방법들의 장점 및 한계성에 관해서 자세하게 설명하였다. 더 나아가서, 최근에 omics 기술의 출현은 probiotics의 생물현상을 새롭게 이해하는데 큰 도움으로 주고 있으며, 결국 omics 기술은 probiotics와 같은 다양한 미생물들을 연구하고 선별하는데 새로운 방법으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 하지만 여기에 대한 추가적인 연구들은 반드시 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.483-494
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutritional status on the cell-mediated and humoral immunity in female college students. The nutritional status of twenty subjects was determined by six-days food records, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical assessments of serum nutrients. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity of the subjects was analyzed by in vivo and in vitro assessments. The results were summerized as follows : First, The average daily energy intake was 1437Kcal(CHO : PRO : FAT = 61:13:26), which corresponds to 71.9% of RDA. Anthropometric measurements showed that 50% of the subjects was under-weight(BMI<20), only 5% was over-weight(25

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.423-430
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of red-yeast-rice on bone metabolism in overiectomized (OVX) rats. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight 210 $\pm$ 5 g, 9 weeks old age) were divided into two groups. One group were OVX, and the other group received sham operation (SHAM), and received either control diet (20％ casein) or a red-yeast-rice power supplemented diet (0.1％) for 9 weeks. And then each rat group was further divided into control diet (casein 20％) and red-yeast-rice powder supplemented (0.1％) diet group. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 9 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin, USA) in spine and femur on 5, 9 weeks after feeding. The serum and urine concentrations of Ca and P were determined. Bone formation was measured by serum osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations. And bone resorption rate was measured by deoxypyridinoline (DPD) crosslinks immunoassay and corrected for creatinine. Serum osteocalcin, growth hormone, IGF-l and calcitonin were analyzed using radioimmunoassay kits. Urinary Ca and P excretion were not significantly different among the groups. Within the OVX group, the red-yeast-rice group had a lower crosslinks value than the casein group. Therefore the red-yeast-rice supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than the casein group in the ovariectomized rats. And, the red-yeast-rice group had significantly higher IGF-l hormone than casein group in ovariectomized rats. The red-yeast-rice group had higher spine bone mineral content than those of control group within the OVX groups. This study was an important first step in establishing that the observed beneficial effects of red-yeast-rice on bone, and this study also established the need for a study on the long-term effect of this supplement in a human.

• 한국식품영양과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양과학회 2004년도 Annual Meeting and International Symposium
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• pp.65-70
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• 2004

Modulation of biotransformation enzymes is one mechanism by which a diet high in fruits and vegetable may influence cancer risk. Inhibition of cytochrome P450s (CYP) and concomitant induction of conjugating enzymes are hypothesized to reduce the impact of carcinogens in humans. Thus, exposure to types and amounts of phytochemicals may influence disease risk. Like other xenobiotics, many classes of phytochemicals are rapodly conjugated with glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate moieties and excreted in urine and bile. In humans, circulating phytochemical levels very widely among individuals even in response to controlled dietary interventions. Polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes, such as the glutathione S-transferases (GST), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), and sulfotransferases (SULT), may ocntribute to the variability in phytochemical clearance and efficacy; polymorphic enzymes with lower enzyme activity prolong the half-lives of phytochmicals in vivo. Isothiocyanates (ITC) in cruciferous vegetables are catalyzed by the four major human GSTs: however reaction velocities of the enzymes differ greatly. In some observational studies of cancer, polymorphisms in the GSTMI and GSTTI genes that result in complete lack of GSTM1-1 protein, respectively, confer greater protection from cruciferous vegetable in individuals with these genotypes. Similarly, we have shown in a controlled dietary trial that levels of GST-alpha-induced by ITC-are higher in GSTMI-null individuals exposed to cruciferous vegetablse. The selectivity of glucuronosyl conjugation of flavonoids is dependent both on flavonoid structure as well as on the UGI isozyme involved in its conjuagtion. The effects of UGI polymorphisms on flavonoid clearnace have not been examind; but polymorphisms affect glucuronidation of several drugs. Given the strong interest in the chemopreventive effects of flavonoids, systematic evaluation of these polymorphic UGTs and flavonoid pharmacokinetics are warranted. Overall, these studies suggest that for phytochemicals that are metabolized by, and affect activity of, biotransformation enzymes, interactions between genetic polymorphisms in the enzymes and intake of the compounds should be considered in studies of cancer risk. Genetic polymorphisms in biotransformation enzymes may account in prat for individual variation in metabolism of a wide range of phytochemicals and their ultimate impact on health.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.856-861
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• 2002

본 연구는 녹차의 섭취기간에 따른 질병 발현 정도를 조사하기 위하여 경상남도 하동군에 거주하는 주민 92명을 대상으로 설문조사를 통하여 이루어졌다. 조사대상자들의 녹차 섭취기간에 따라 녹차를 마시지 않는 대조군과 10년 미만 녹차 섭취군 및 10년 이상 녹차 섭취군의 3분위로 나누어 녹차의 장기간 섭취가 건강관련 변인과 식습관에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 일반적 특성은 전체 대상자 중 남자가 41명, 여자가 51명이었으며, 평균연령은 대조군이 62.0세, 2분위 60.1세, 3분위 57.2세로 나타났다. 건강관련 생활습관으로 음주여부는 1분위에서 45.5%, 2분위 36.1%, 3분위 37.5%가 음주를 하는 것으로 나타나, 녹차를 마시는 집단에서의 음주비율이 낮게 나타났다. 마시는 술의 종류로는 소주가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였으며, 음주의 빈도는 1, 3분위에서 주 5～6회 마신다가 50%이상, 2분위는 주 1～2회가 53.8%로 가장 많이 차지하였다. 흡연여부는 80%정도가 거의 담배를 피우지 않는 것으로 조사되어 바람직한 흡연행동을 나타내었다. 신체활동정도는 모든 집단이 농사일에 직접 참여함으로써 왕성한 활동정도를 보였으며, 건강보조식품은 잘 섭취하지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 질병유병률을 조사한 결과, 충치는 1분위 9%, 2분위 27%, 3분위 36%가 충치가 없다고하여 녹차의 장기간 섭취가 충치 예방에 다소간의 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있었다. 감기는 각 분위에서 77%, 87%, 76%로 감기를 잘 앓지 않는 것으로 조사되었으나 유의성은 없었다. 골다공증에 관한 문진 결과 29%, 64%, 100%순으로 정상이라고 응답하였다. 그러나 골다공증 검사율이 저조하여 녹차의 효과를 비교하기는 힘들었다. 식습관 점수는 녹차를 장기간 섭취할수록 유의적으로 좋은 점수를 나타내었다. 본 연구의 대상자들은 녹차를 접할 기회가 많고 주로 질병의 예방 및 개선을 목적으로 마시고 있었기에 녹차의 기능성에 대해서 많은 관심과 기대를 보여주고 있었다. 게다가 본 조사의 결과, 녹차의 장기간 음용이 충치, 골다공증과 같은 질병의 예방 및 식습관 향상에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었고 나아가 녹차의 섭취를 증가시키기 위해서는 차 이외의 다양한 음식과 생활용품으로의 개발이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.