• 약학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.187-192
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• 1993

Approximately 1% of intestinal bacteria of human and rats was alkalotolerant. Among these bacteria of human, bacteria producing $\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase and sulfotransferase were 40%, 4% and 0%, respectively. Among alkalotolerant intestinal bacteria of rats, bacteria producing, these enzymes were 70%, 8% and 0%, respectively. $\beta$-Glucosidase and $\beta$-glucuronidase of alkalotolerant intestinal bacteria of human and rat were induced by the medium of high pH: these enzymes activities were increased by elevating pH of the medium, but the growths were not changed. The enzyme activities at the medium of pH 7 were about ten-fold higher than those at the medium of pH 6.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.420-424
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• 1997

By human intestinal bacteria, saikosaponin c was transformed to four metabolites, prosaikogenin E1 (E1) prosaikogenin E2 (E2), prosaikogenin E3 (E3) and saikogenin E. Metabolic time course of saikosaponin c was as follows; in early time, saikosaponin c was converted to E1 and E2, and then these were transformed to saikogenin E via E3. Also, this metabolic pathway was similar to the metabolism of saikosaponin c by rat intestinal bacteria. Bacteroides JY-6 and Bacteroides YK-4, the bacteria isolated from human intestinal bacteria, could transform saikosaponin c to E via E1 (or E2) and E3. However, these bacteria were not able to directly transform El and E2 to saikogenin E. Naringin was mainly transformed to naringenin by human intestinal bacteria. The minor metabolic pathway transformed naringin to naringenin via prunin. By JY-6 or YK-4, naringin was metabolized to naringenin only via prunin.

• 약학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.262-269
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• 1993

Poncirin which is one of the flavanone rhamnoglucosides showed anti-inflammatory activity as the major component of fruit of Poncirus trifoliata. Poncirin did not show antiinflammatory effect when it was intraperitoneally administered, but it was very effective when orally administered. Poncirin was not metabolized by blood and liver enzymes but by intestinal bacteria of human and rats. Among the human intestinal bacteria, Streptococcus Y-25 converted poncirin to ponciretin through the poncirenin and Staphylococcus Y-88 converted to ponciretin directly.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.292-296
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• 1996

By human intestinal bacteria, glycyrrhizin (18${\beta}$-glycyrrhetic acid ${beta}$-D-glucuronyl.${\alpha}$-D-glucuronic acid, GL) and baicalin (baicalein ${\beta}$-D-glucuronic acid) were metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid and baicalin, respectively. However, .${\alpha}$-glucuronidase of Bacteroides JY-6 isolated from human intestinal bacteria hydrolyzed GL or 18.${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid ..${\alpha}$-D-glucuronic acid to 18${\beta}$-glycyrrhetic acid but did not baicalin. However, E. coli ${\beta}$-glucironidase from human intestinal bacteria hydrolyzed baicalin to baicalein, but did not GL.${\beta}$-Glucuronidase of mammalian tissues hydrolyzed both GL and baicalin.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.433-441
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• 2012

Human milk, which nourishes the early infants, is a source of bioactive components for the infant growth, development and commensal formulation as well. Human milk oligosaccharide is a group of complex and diverse glycans that is apparently not absorbed in human gastrointestinal tract. Although most mammalian milk contains oligosaccharides, oligosaccharides in human milk exhibit unique features in terms of their types, amounts, sizes, and functionalities. In addition to the prevention of infectious bacteria and the development of early immune system, human milk oligosaccharides are able to facilitate the healthy intestinal microbiota. Bifidobacterial intestinal microbiota appears to be established by the unilateral interaction between milk oligosaccharides, human intestinal activity and commensals. Digestibility, membrane transportation and catabolic activity by bacteria and intestinal epithelial cells, all of which are linked to the structural of human milk oligosaccharides, are crucial in determining intestinal microbiota.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.347-352
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• 2004

When saponin extracts of dried ginseng and red ginseng were anaerobically incubated with human intestinal microflora, these extracts were metabolized to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively. However, when these extracts were incubated with commercial lactic acid bacteria, these did not metabolize these ginsenosides to compound K or ginsenoside $Rh_2$. Among some intestinal bacteria isolated from human feces, Bacteroides C-35 and C-36 transformed these saponin extracts to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively. These bacteria also transformed water extracts of dried ginseng and red ginseng to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively, similarly with that of the saponin extracts. Among transformed ginsenosides, compound K and 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rh_2$ exhibited the most potent cyotoxicity against tumor cells.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2000

To analyse scientifically the fundamental formulation theory and drug interaction of Chungpegagan-tang, the extraction level of puerarin and daidzin, the transforming activity of puerarin and daidzin to daidzein by human intestinal bacteria and in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines of Chungpesagan-tang were investigated. When Puerariae Radix was extracted with Chungpesagan-tang composing herbal medicines, the puerarin extraction level from these polyprescriptions was decreased by the extraction with Raphani Semen or Cimicifugae Rhizoma, but the other herbal medicines increased it. The activity transforming puerarin and daidzin to daidzein by human intestinal bacteria was increased by Raphani Semen, Cimicifugae Rhizoma and Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix, but decreased by Scutellariae Radix and Rhei Rhizoma. Puerariae Radix did not showed in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. However, by its anaerobic incubation with human intestinal bacteria, it showed a potent cytotoxicity. When the main components, puerarin and daidzin, of Puerariae Radix were incubated with human intestinal bacteria, the main metabolites were daidzein and calycosin. These metabolites had the most potent cytotoxicity, compared to those of puerarin and daidzin. Raphani Semen, Rhei Rhizoma and Chungpesagan-tang had also the potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines by the anaerobic incubation with human intestinal bacteria.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.91-95
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• 1993

사람의 장내세균으로부터 분리된 Bibidobacterium과 Lactobacillus는 대두 및 당근의 물추출물을 이용할 경우 균의 성장과 더불어 배지의 pH는 상대적으로 저하시켰으며, 대두와 당근의 물 추출물은 사람의 장내 세균총 중에서 유산균증식작용이 있었으며, 이와 함께 배지의 pH는 상대적으로 감소하였다. 검체 식품함유 GAM 배지에 사람의 신선한 분변을 이식하여 pH를 측정함으로써 간단하게 유산균증식작용 뿐만 아니라 건강식품을 조사할 수 있었다. 이 방법에 의해 조사한 결과 유산균 증식 효과인 pH를 저하시키는 식품은 대두, 순무, 당근, 영양부추, 마늘, 미나리, 쑥, 양파가 있었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2002

Glycosides of herbal medicines, such as glycyrrhizin, ginsenosides, kalopanaxsaponins, rutin and ponicirin, were studied regarding their metabolic fates and pharmacological actions in relation to intestinal bacteria using germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional animals. When glycyrrhizin (GL) was orally administered, $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid\;(GA)$, not GL, was detected in plasma and intestinal contents of gnotobiotic and conventional rats. However, GA could not be detected in germ-free rats. When GL was incubated with human intestinal bacteria, it was directly metabolized to GA (>95%) or via $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid-3-{\beta}-D-glucuronide$(>5%). Orally administered GL was effective in gnotobiotic and conventional rats for liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, but was not effective in germ-free rats. When ginseng saponins were orally administered to human beings, compound K in the plasma was detected, but the other protopanxadiol saponins were not detected. The compound K was active for tumor metastasis and allergy. When kalopanaxsaponins were incubated with human intestinal microflora, they were metabolized to kalopanaxsaponin A, kalopanaxsaponin I and hederagenin. These metabolites were active for rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic mellitus while the other kalopanxsaponins were not. When flavonoid glycosides were orally administered to animals, aglycones and/or phenolic acids were detected in the urine. The metabolic pathways proceeded by intestinal bacteria rather than by liver or blood enzymes. These metabolites, aglycones and phenolic acids, showed antitumor, antiinflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation activities. These findings suggest that glycosides of herbal medicines are prodrugs.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.286-292
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• 1994

Poncirin and naringin which are the flavanone rhamnoglucoside showed anti-inflammatory activity as the major component of fruit of Poncirus trifoliata. Poncirin was metabolized by intestinal bacteria of human and rats. Among the human intestinal bacteria, Bacteroides JY-6 converted a poncirin to naringin, ponciretin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin and ponciretin and did a naringin to poncirin, ponciretin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside, naringenin and ponciretin.