• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.6 s.53
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• pp.723-731
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• 1995

Type I and type II collagens are considered the major collagens of bone and cartilage respectively. Monitoring the patterns of those gene and protein expressions during development will provide a basis for the understanding of the normal and abnormal growths. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of collagen genes and proteins involved in the developing human mandible. Fifty embryos and fetuses were studied with Alcian blue-PAS, Masson's Trichrome, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and Southern blot analysis. Our results showed that $pro-{\alpha}1(II)$ collagen gene expression begins in the 5th week. Type II collagen is synthesized in mesenchymal cells in advance: of overt chondrogenesis. The gene expression for type II collagen was highest during the appearance of Meckel's cartilage. There was a switch in collagen protein expression from type I to type II during the appearance stage of Meckel's cartilage. The distribution of the mRNA for type II collagen corresponded well with the pattern of type II collagen protein. The endochondral ossification was observed where there was direct replacement of cartilage by bone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 1.7kb 및 3.1kb bovine $\beta$-casein promoter의 유전자 발현 조절능력을 알아보기 위해 1 7kb 및 3.1kb bovine $\beta$-casein promoter에 human Type II Collagen 유전자를 연결해서 DNA microinjection으로 형질전환생쥐를 생산하였다. 총 8마리의 founder생쥐(1.7kb collagen : 5마리, 3.1kb collagen 3마리)를 생산하였고 이 founder생쥐와 wild type 생쥐를 mating시켜서 $F_1 및 F_2$ 새끼를 얻었다. $F_1 및 F_2$새끼들에서 human Type II collagen 유전자의 transmission rate는 약 50%로 Mendel의 법칙에 따라 분리되어 안정적으로 유전자가 염색체에 정착되어 있음을 확인하였다. 이들 $F_1 및 F_2$새끼 중 암컷들을 임신시켜 분만 후 5-10 일경에 유선조직을 포함하여 여러 조직으로부터 RNA를 추출하여 Northern blotting 및 RT-PCR 방법을 이용하여 Type II collagen mRNA의 발현을 분석하였다. 유선에서의 발현은 1 7 kb 및 3.1 kb line별로 각각 1 line씩 발현되지 않았고, 그 외 line에서는 모두 발현되는 것으로 확인되었다. 유선에서의 Type II collagen mRNA 발형양은 1.7 kb 및 3.1 kb bovine $\beta$-casein promoter사이에서는 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 1.7 kb promoter 형질전환생쥐의 경우 유선 이외 조직에서도 발현되는 양상을 나타내었고, 3.1kb promoter line에서는 유선특이적으로 발현시키는 양상을 나타내었다. 그러므로 bovine $\beta$-casein promoter의 1.7 kb와 3.1 kb 사이에 유선특이적 발현을 유도하는 조절부위가 있을 것으로 추정된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2007

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is a model for some types of human autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we examined whether ethanol extract of potato (Solanum tuberosum) is efficacious against CIA in mice. Potato extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg) were orally administered to DBA/1J mice once daily for 49 day after initial immunization with type II collagen. Clinical assessment of disease and measurement of paw edema were conducted throughout the study. The production of CIA-related rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, and cytokines were examined in DBA/1J mice. Serum levels of AST, ALT, creatinine, and lipids were measured, and antioxidant enzyme activity in the spleen was also determined. The arthritis score and paw edema were markedly suppressed in the groups treated with potato extract. Levels of rheumatoid factor, anti-type II collagen antibody, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, LDL-cholesterol, and malondialdehyde in sera were also reduced by potato extract treatment. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were increased in the spleens of CIA mice treated with potato extract. These findings suggest that potato extract has suppressive effects on type II collagen-induced arthritis, an animal model for human RA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2004

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1299-1303
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• 2005

Human articular chondrocytes (HAC) were cultivated as a monolayer in a serum-free medium for primary culture (SFM-P). An optimized SFM-P provides $95\%$ proliferation rate of that obtainable from primary and secondary chondrocyte cultures grown in a control medium with serum. The gradual decrease in the amounts of synthesized glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen was improved by coating the culture dishes with type IV collagen and fibronectin. A significant improvement in the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA could be achieved. In addition, the monolayer cultures showed better synthesis of the extracellular matrices than alginate-bead cultures in SFM-P.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.212-212
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• 2004

Collagen has been widely studied for medical applications. Previous studies have shown that the bovine β-casein promoter were able to drive cell-specific and hormone-dependent expression to a mouse mammary cell line but failed to induce accurate expression to the mammary gland. of transgenic mice. (omitted)

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.2 s.55
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• pp.187-196
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• 1996

Underlying malocclusions and dentofacial deformities are often related to variations in the craniofacial development. Type I and type II collagens are considered the major collagens of bone and cartilage respectively. Monitoring the patterns of those protein expressions during development will Provide a basis for the understanding of normal and abnormal growths. This study was undertaken to investigate the morphogenetic changes and the expression patterns of type I and II collagen proteins involved in the developing mandible of human embryos and fetuses. 50 embryos and fetuses were studied with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Alcian, blue-PAS, Masson Trichrome, md Immunohistochemical stains. The results were as follows : 1. A 13.5 mm embryo showed the stomatodeum with dental lamina, maxillary and mandibular processes. Meckel's cartilage appeared in the mandibular arch of a 20.5 mm embryo. New bone formation was bilaterally initiated at the outer side of middle portion of Meckel's cartilage of 22-38 mm embryos. 2. Meckel'cartilage was resorbed at the 15th week fetus. The endochondral ossification was observed where there was direct replacement of cartilage by bone. Meckel'cartilage disappeared and membraneous ossification were observed at the 25th week. 3. Before the appearance of Meckel's cartilage, the expression of type I collagen was moderate at the odontogenic epithelium of maxillary & mandibular process, but mild for the expression of type II collagen. 4. During the appearance of Meckel's cartilage and new bone formation, the immunoactivity of type II collagen was more expressed than type I collagen at the Meckel's cartilage and new bone. 5. During intrarmembranous bone formation, the expression of type II collagen was rare in the bony trabeculae. There was a switch for the expression of collagens from type II to type I during the appearance of Meckel's cartilage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.63-78
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was carried out to know the effects of Gwan-Jul-Bang-7 (hereafter referred to GJB-7) on the inhibition of arthritis induced by collagen on the mouse. Methods: To assess the effects of GJB-7 on mouse with arthritis induced by collagen II, we conducted several experiments such as analysis of cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, total cell number of draining lymph nodes and paw joints, value of immunocyte in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell), DLN (draining lymph node) and paw joint, measurement of cytokine and anti-collagen II, observation of the histological changes of joint. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against HFC (human fibroblast cells) was not observed in any concentration and hepatotoxicity was not observed in the GJB-7 treated group. 2. The incidence of arthritis significantly decreased. 3. Total cell number of draining lymph nodes significantly increased and total cell number of paw joints significantly decreased. 4. The percentage of $CD8^+$ cells in PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) significantly increased. The percentage of $CD3^+/CD69^+$, and $CD3^+/CD49b^+$ cells in PBMC significantly decreased. 5. The percentage of $CD19^+,\;CD3^+$, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells in DLN (draining lymph nodes) significantly increased. The percentage of $B220^+/CD23^+$ cells in DLN significantly decreased. 6. The percentage of $CD3^+,\;CD4^+$, and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in paw joints significantly decreased. 7. The production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, and MCP-1 significantly decreased. 8. Anti-collagen II in serum significantly decreased. 9. With the hematoxylin and eosin stain, inflammation of joint decreased. Under Masson's trichrome stain, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation and the expression of collagen fibers decreased. Conclusions: Comparison of the results for this study showed that GJB-7 had immunomodulatory effects. So we expect that GJB-7 could be used as an effective drug for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune diseases.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2006

Objectives : The effect of water extract of the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong), a traditional immuno-suppressive and immuno-activating Korean oriental medicine, on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice model was studied. Identification of common Nokyong capable of affording protection or modulating the onset and severity of arthritis may have important human health implications. Methods : Nokyong has shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties in experimental animals. In this study we determined the effect of DAE on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Results : In three independent experiments mice given DAE in water exhibited significantly reduced incidence of arthritis (33% to 50%) as compared with mice given no DAE in water (84% to 100%). The arthritis index also was significantly lower in DAE-fed animals. Western blot analysis showed a marked reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), $Interferon-{\gamma}\;(INF-{\gamma})$, and tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ in arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. The neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity was approximately 6-fold higher in arthritic joints of non-DAE-fed mice in comparison to nonarthritic joints of nonimmunized mice whereas it was only 2-fold higher in the arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. Additionally, total IgG and type II collagen-specific IgG levels were lower in the arthritic joints of DAE-fed mice. Conclusion : Taken together our studies suggest that DAE may be useful in the prevention of onset and severity of arthritis.