• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.127-144
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to identify the housing maintenance cost, imputed rent fee and total housing cost of households living in rental house, to analyze the factors related to their housing maintenance cost, imputed rent fee and total housing cost and to investigate the factors contributing to total housing cost to total household income ratio. The data used for these purposes, was 97 KHPS of Daewoo Economic Research Institute. Sample size of households living in rental house, was 663. Statistics performed for the analysis were frequencies, percentiles, t-test, Lorenz cutie and Gini coefficient, Tobit analysis, OLS and Logistic analysis. The results of this study were as fellows: First, monthly cost of monthly rent & maintenance and repairs of households living in rental house with a deposit was lower than rental house, while the imputed rent fee of households living rental house with a deposit was higher than monthly rent households'And, total housing cost of households living in rental house with a deposit was higher than monthly rent households'. Second, Gini coefficient of the housing maintenance cost was 0.440, Gini coefficient of imputed rent fee was 0.362, and Gini coefficient of total housing cost was 0.291. Third, the variables related to their housing maintenance cost were family type, total household expenditure of socio-demographic characteristics and residence, type of rent, housing type of housing environmental factor. Also, the variables contributing to imputed rent fee were job type and educational attainment of household hearts, the number of family members, total household expenditure, residence, type of rent, housing type and tole number of rooms. In addition, the variables associated with total housing cost were job type and educational attainment of household head, total household income and residence, type of rent, housing type and the number of room. Finally, age, job type, educational attainment of household head, wife's employment status, the number of family members, family type, total household expenditure, residence, rent type of rent, housing type, the size of living space, and the number of room were significant variables contributing to total household cost to total household income ratio.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.51-60
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• 2011

The maintenance cost depends on various factors such as building volume, floor area, number of household and so on. The maintenance cost of the apartment housing is affected by the maintenance type, building physical factor, sociogeographic aspects. Among these, the maintenance characteristics is represented and made up by the total floor area and number of household which means main factor to provide the building scale roughly. In this paper, it aimed at modelling the estimation function of the maintenance cost with the total floor area and number of household and analyzing the elasticity of the two factors. Although items of maintenance cost are various in general cost, repair cost and so on, we classified these items into the 5 categories. 5 categories are a general cost, a facility maintenance cost, a utilization cost, insurance and sanitary cost. The estimation function used a power function and it has better goodness-offitness than any other estimation methods in statistics. A power function has a three curve types with concave and convex and linear style to the origin.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.10
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• pp.109-122
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• 2009

This study examined the effects of household head’s worker status change type on household income and household head’s income using a total combined sample of 2,578 households from Korea surveyed in 1998 and 2002 KLIPS(Korean Labor and Income Panel Study). Binary logit regression results showed that household incomes were likely to decrease significantly when household head’s changed worker status from a regular employee, a temporary employee or a daily worker, or an employer or a self-employed to no job status, or from a regular employee to a temporary employee or a daily worker, an employer or a self-employed, or from an employer or a self-employed to a regular employee compared to a regular employee status maintenance. In contrast, household head’s incomes were likely to increase significantly when household head’s changed worker status from a temporary to a regular employee compared to a regular employee status maintenance. Women household heads were significantly associated with the likelihood of the decrease of household head’s income compared to men household heads. Household heads beyond their forties were significantly associated with the likelihood of the decrease of household head’s income compared to household heads in their thirties age-group counterparts. Household heads with education level beyond high school graduation were significantly associated with the likelihood of the increase of household head’s income compared to household heads with the education level of high school graduation. This study shows that a more comprehesive labor policy is needed for achieving sustainable household income inflow.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.254-261
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• 2024

Among eco-friendly energy, solar energy is one of the renewable energy sources that is developing in the spotlight in many countries. In line with this, the Korean government and local governments are carrying out projects to provide subsidies for the distribution of household solar power, raising the spread of household solar power and awareness. However, due to the lack of research on consumer perception of household solar power, this study investigated the perception of household solar power from 2015 to 2022 by setting the central word as solar power. As a result, 2016 had the highest number of collections, and when the top 50 words for each year were analyzed, it was confirmed that words related to the installation and maintenance of household solar power dominated. And through CONCOR analysis, a total of four were derived: solar energy recognition, renewable and eco-friendly energy recognition, solar government policies, solar companies, and perceptions of households. Through emotional analysis, it was confirmed that 2021 had the most positive data. As a result, consumer perception of household solar power is positive based on what was mentioned above, but research on how to use negative opinions on waste control and installation and maintenance should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2010

The maintenance cost plays a important role to plan the scale of the apartment housing such as a number of household, building area and building type. Therefore, it is required to forecast the cost considering various maintenance characteristics. The maintenance characteristics are floor area, number of household, heating type, site area and etc.. In addition, the maintenance cost are classified into 5 area. These are a personal expense, facility maintenance cost, energy and water cost, insurance and sanitary cost. These five cost area are related with various characteristics and brought up the estimation model using the stepwise multiple regression analysis. The energy and heating cost share over the 50% in the total cost and the personal expense cost shares about 40%. The personal expense cost per area is 5,272 won/$m^2{\cdot}yr$ irregardless of heating type and the district heating type is a higher cost than other type. In facility maintenance cost, the central heating type is 2,015 won/$m^2{\cdot}yr$ and higher than other type. The estimation models have good statistics in each model. Most of the model have a determination coefficient over 0.7 and Durbin Watson value between 1.5 and 2.5.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.35-42
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• 2012

The rental housing has been a main role to supply a living space to the household who can not be available for the home-owner. Specially, the public rental housing is targeted for the low-income household and supplied with low rental fee. Therefore, the rent owner should manage and maintain the housing condition decently with a systematically maintenance plan which includes a repair time and scope, a repair cost. Among them, the repair time is important to make a repair plan. The repair time would be explained with two types, which is divided into a breakdown maintenance and a preventive maintenance. Each of them has a advantage in a repair cost, maintenance of the living condition and provision of the repair scope and method. In this paper, it aimed at providing the repair time in 12 components of the public rental housing which is reflected from a preventive maintenance. This study shows that overall, a permanent rental housing has a longer repair time than any other rental housing in 12 housing components. A public rental housing is closer to the a permanent rental housing then a redevelopment rental housing in repair time. On the other hand, the repair time of the 12 housing components is different form the rental housing. This leads to further study in difference of the repair time according to a tenant type.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2011

This study examines the characteristics and the degree of inhabitant's mental against to their residential environment which was developed within the boundary of Haedo Dong in Pohang City during the 1970s and the early of 1980s and currently designated as programed site for Urban Maintenance Project. Findings from the study are as follows; First, the numbers of household occupied by lessee were greater than the numbers of household occupied by homeowner. Second, most of the lessee was living in single family household. Third, although the degree of satisfaction for their residential environment was not so good in general perspectives the degree of satisfaction of the long term residents for their residential environment was slightly higher than the others. Fourth, the degree of satisfaction for their neighborhood was the most while the degree of satisfaction for public facilities such as parks was the least. Fifth, Urban maintenance project shall be proceeded to raise re-settlement ratio of residents, to enforce a business by steps, to lead positively participation of a resident and to enlarge role of administration.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.103-109
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• 2014

Apartment housing should require the systematic maintenance to provide the decent living condition during its life. Each household should participate the maintenance activities and pay for the repair. Therefore, the required cost for repair would be needed to plan in the repair schedule because each household could not pay the much repair money at a time. After apartment constructed, a long term repair plan would be prepared in repair time, repair scope and a required cost. A few studies are said that the repair cost depends on the building deterioration, elapsed year and management factors. The above factors are not be certain to affect the repair management while it may be important to prepare the required money and the repair time. In this paper, it aimed at analyzing the correlation between the repair management and the management factors, especially total area, number of household. This would educe the unit cost per number of household and management area in the individual boiler and elevator with full change and full repair. The unit cost per number of household and area for full change are about 199,000 won/household and $1,954won/m^2$ in the individual boiler respectively. The unit cost of the elevator for full change is 94,000 won/household and $5,429won/m^2$ respectively. Second, this study shows that the elapsed year after construction would not be related the repair unit cost.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.325-332
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate tooth whitening maintenance efficacy of several dentifrices containing effective ingredients for tooth whitening. Methods: Hydroxyapatite specimens(HAPs) staining was done by using modified Stookey's methods. HAPs were treated with 2.9% hydrogen peroxide containing strip for whitening, and were shaken with several dentifrice slurry(dentifrice 1 : artificial saliva 2) for 30 minutes. The HAPs were finally dipped in staining solution for an hour. Shaking and dipping were repeated 4 times and lightness values were measured by colorimeter at each step. In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice and control dentifrice were evaluated by 21 subjects for 2 months after receiving institutional review board(IRB) approval. Organoleptic(vita shade guide) and instrumental(SHADEEYE-NCC) evaluation were performed for whiteness change of teeth. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and ${\chi}^2$-test(p<0.05). Results: All dentifrices showed statistical significance in comparison with control dentifrice containing sodium fluoride and test 4 dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax, and sodium fluoride showed statistical significance in comparison with other dentifrices by inhibiting staining in vitro(p<0.05). In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice showed better effects than control dentifrice in organoleptic and instrumental evaluation in tooth whitening maintenance efficacy(p<0.05). The awareness toward tooth whitening maintenance efficacy for 2 months use showed that test 4 dentifrice was much better than control dentifrice, but did not show statistically significant(p>0.05). Conclusions: Dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax and sodium fluoride was more effective in keeping teeth white.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.31-46
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• 1999

This study aims to investigate the difference of the financial state, the expenditure patterns of household, the expenses of Auto, and the influential variables on the purchase in automobiles according to the auto-installment. The important findings from the data based on the samples of household with only one car on the Korea Household Pannel Study by Daewoo Institute. 1) The financial state of installment households were not good than those of non-installment. 2) The expenditures of the purchase and maintenance of installment household were higher than those of non-installment. 3) Variables affecting to the expenses of the purchases of installment households were the evacuation of car, in the case of new car, household's net assets and the living level compared to last year. In those of non-installment households were the evacuation of car and in the case of new car.