• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2013

A new compound, perforaphenonoside A (1), along with 11 known compounds (2-12) were isolated from a methanol extract of adventitious roots of Hypericum perforatum. Their chemical structures were elucidated using chemical and physical methods as well as comparison of NMR and mass spectral data with previously reported data. Their inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and activation of PPAR was measured in HepG2 cells using a luciferase reporter system. Among the compounds 3, 6, 7 and 12 inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activation stimulated by TNF${\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 0.85 to $8.10{\mu}M$. Moreover, compounds 1-3, 7, 11 and 12 activated the transcriptional activity of PPARs in a dose-dependent manner, with $EC_{50}$ values ranging from 7.3 to $58.7{\mu}M$. The transactivational effects of compounds 1-3, 7, 11 and 12 were evaluated on three individual PPAR subtypes. Among them, compound 2 activated $PPAR{\alpha}$ transcriptional activity, with 153.97% stimulation at $10{\mu}M$, while compounds 1, 2 and 11 exhibited transcriptional activity of $PPAR{\gamma}$, with stimulation from 124.76% to 126.91% at $10{\mu}M$.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

This study compared the antioxidant activity and functional constituents of the peel, flesh,and placenta of oriental melons according to the harvest time. The sample oriental melons were harvested during the major harvest time (from June to August) and divided into peel, flesh, and placenta. To examine the antioxidant activity and functional constituents, the sample melons were extracted using EtOH. As a result, the functional constituents and antioxidant activity of the oriental melons were found to change according to the harvest time. The total phenol and total flavonoid contents were highest in the samples harvested in June, and lowest in the samples harvested in July. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities were estimated using an ABTS and FRAP assay, where the samples harvested in June also showed the strongest the antioxidant potential, while the samples harvested in July showed significantly lower antioxidant activities. This means that the climate influences the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The above data also suggests that oriental melons harvested in June contain more functional phytochemicals, making them more beneficial for human health.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Meiosis is a specialized cell division, essential in most reproducing organisms to halve the number of chromosomes, thereby enabling the restoration of ploidy levels during fertilization. A key step in meiosis is homologous recombination, which promotes homologous pairing and generates crossovers (COs) to connect homologous chromosomes until their separation at anaphase I. These CO sites, seen cytologically as chiasmata, represent a reciprocal exchange of genetic information between two homologous non-sister chromatids. RAD51, the eukaryotic homolog of the bacterial RecA recombinase, plays a central role in homologous recombination (HR) in yeast and animals. Loss of RAD51 function causes lethality in the flowering plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that RAD51 has a meiotic stage-specific function that is different from homologous pairing activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.433-452
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• 2018

This study was conducted to select candidates from plant resources for the purpose of improving or treating Alzheimer's disease, a type of dementia. One hundred and eighty-four plant extracts at a final concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ were screened to determine their capacity to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by in vitro assay. From this AChE assay, seven plant extracts - including methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark), methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), ethanol ext. of Cinnamomum cassia Blume(bark) and ethanol ext. of Carthamus tinctorius L. (fruit) - showed effective inhibition activity ranging from 18.7% to 63.1%. The selected extracts were testified their inhibition activities on AChE and BuChE (butyrylcholinesterase) at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$. In the AChE assay, five extracts including methanol ext. of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), methanol ext. of Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), methanol ext. of Coptis chinensis (rhizome), methanol ext. and water ext. of Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) showed inhibition activity of 15.0%~73.5%, 19.5%~63.5%, 81.6%~58.5%, 69.9%~80.5%, and 54.8%~78.3%, respectively, at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$. In the BuChE assay, the extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS (flower), and Coptis chinensis (rhizome) showed inhibitory capacities of 58.9~81.6%, 45.8%~72.4%, and 33.1%~55.4% at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, $200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In conclusion, it is suggested that Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (stamen/ovary), Persicaria tinctoria H. GROSS, Coptis chinensis (rhizome) and Phellaodendron amurense Rupr. (bark) could be selected as candidate materials for improving or treating Alzheimer's disease on the basis of further study.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of waterlogging on the net photosynthetic rate, root activity and fruit yield of hot pepper. Plants were grown in two greenhouses: extractor fans and side ventilators began to operate when the inside temperature reached $25^{\circ}C$ in one greenhouse and $35^{\circ}C$ in the other. Waterlogging treatments were performed 54 days after transplanting (when fruit setting at the second flower truss was complete). The plot in each greenhouse was divided into five sections, and each section was watered for 0, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h using drip irrigation. Plants under $25^{\circ}C$ and non - waterlogging treatment exhibited in the greatest growth among treatments. Plant growth generally decreased as the waterlogging period increased. The net photosynthetic rate was highest under non - waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment and lowest under 72 h waterlogging and $25^{\circ}C$ treatment. The root activity decreased as the waterlogging period increased, except for plants under 72 h waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The number and weight of red pepper fruits per plant were highest under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$. The greatest fruit yield was also observed under non - waterlogging treatment at $35^{\circ}C$, with production reaching 3,697 kg / 10a. At the appropriate temperature for hot pepper ($25^{\circ}C$), yields were reduced by 25 - 30% under 12, 24 and 48 h waterlogging treatment compared to non - waterlogging treatment. These results indicate that longer waterlogging periods reduce the growth, net photosynthetic rate, root activity and yields of hot pepper. However, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of hot pepper plants grown under 72 h waterlogging treatment recovered nine days after growth under normal growth conditions.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.452-458
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• 2019

Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom. Caill.) Stapf (CL), which contains riboflavin and coixol, has traditionally been used to treat cancer and arthritis. However, no method for the simultaneous determination of riboflavin and coixol in CL sprouts has been established. In this study, we established and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the identification and quantification of two reference markers, riboflavin and coixol, in CL sprout extracts. CL sprouts (whole sprouts and leaves) were subjected to extraction with 70% ethanol at room temperature and at 80 ℃ under reflux conditions. The two extractions were validated with respect to specificity, accuracy, precision, and linearity. The content of the two reference markers was highest in leaves extracted under reflux conditions (riboflavin, 8.23 ± 0.32 mg/g; coixol, 5.95 ± 0.04 mg/g). We also investigated the antioxidant activity of the extracts via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS⁺) scavenging assays. The results indicated that extracts obtained from sprouts under reflux conditions had the strongest antioxidative effects (DPPH half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC₅₀], 68.9 ± 4.1 g/mL; and ABTS, IC₅₀, 34.9 ± 0.1 g/mL). These results can serve as baseline data for the simultaneous determination of the two reference marker compounds, riboflavin and coixol, and development of functional food materials using CL sprouts.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.13-13
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• 2018

The anti-inflammatory (INF) compounds (1-15) were isolated from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (APL) by activity-guided isolation technique. The isolated compounds (1-15) were identified as quercetin-7-O-rhanmoside (1), apigenin-7-O-glycoside (2), kaempferol-7-O-glycoside (3), apigenin-7-O-[6"-(butyl)-glycoside] (4), querceitn (5), kaempferol (6), apigenin (7), apigenin-7-O-[6"-(pentyl)-glycoside] (8), agrimonolide (9), agrimonolide-6-O-glucoside (10), desmethylagrimonolide (11), desmethylagrimonolide-6-O-glucoside (12), luteolin (13), vitexin (14) and isovitexin (15). Flavonoids, compound 2, 3, 11, and 14-15 have been found in APL for the first time. Furthermore, two novel flavone derivatives, compound 4 and 8, have been isolated inceptively in plant. In the no cytotoxicity concentration ranges of $0-20{\mu}M$, nitric oxide (NO) production level of 1-15 was estimated in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. The flavone aglycones, 7 (apigenin, $IC_{50}=3.69{\pm}0.34{\mu}M$), 13 (luteolin, $IC_{50}=4.62{\pm}0.43{\mu}M$), 6 (kaempferol, $IC_{50}=14.43{\pm}0.23{\mu}M$) and 5 (quercetin, $IC_{50}=19.50{\pm}1.71{\mu}M$), exhibited excellent NO inhibitory (NOI) activity in dose-dependent manner. In the structure activity relationship (SAR) study of apigenin-derivatives (APD), apigenin; Api, apigenin-7-O-glucoside; Api-G, apignenin-7-O-[6"-(butyl)-glycoside]; Api-BG and apignenin-7-O-[6"-(pentyl)-glycoside]; Api-P, from APL on INF activity was investigated. The INF mediators level such as NO, INF-cytokines, NF-KB proteins, iNOS and COX-2 were sharply increased in Raw 264.7 cells by LPS. When pretreatment with APD in INF induced macrophages, NOI activity of Api was most effective than other APD with $IC_{50}$ values of $3.69{\pm}0.77{\mu}M$. And the NOI activity was declined in the following order: Api-BG ($IC_{50}=8.91{\pm}1.18{\mu}M$), Api-PG ($IC_{50}=13.52{\pm}0.85{\mu}M$) and API-G ($IC_{50}=17.30{\pm}0.66{\mu}M$). The NOI activity of two novel compounds, Api-PG and Api-BG were lower than their aglycone; Api, but more effective than Api-G (NOI: Api-PG and Api-BG). And their suppression ability on INF cytokines such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA showed the similar tendency. Therefore, the anti-INF mechanism study of Api-PG and Api-BG on nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) pathway, representative INF mechanism, was investigated and Api was used as positive control. Api-BF was more effectively prevent the than phosphorylation of $pI{\kappa}B$ kinase (p-IKK) and p65 than Api-PG in Raw 264.7 cells. In contrast, Api-PG and Api-BG were not reduced the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B alpha ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$). Moreover, pretreatment with Api-PG and Api-BG, dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNAs and proteins in macrophage cells, and their expression were correlated with their NOI activity. Therefore, APL can be utilized to health promote agent associated with their AIN metabolites.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2021

The hot-water extracts of four strains of Volvariella volvacea [Vv (KMCC04386), Vv-Chi (KMCC04382), V9-21 (KMCC04380), and VG-19 (KMCC05115)] were prepared to determine their antioxidant activities, ��-glucan content, and nutritional content. Among the four V. volvacea strains, Vv strain showed the highest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (23.7%). The highest total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents (8.17 mg y/g and 3.46 mg QE/g, respectively) were observed in the Vv-Chi strain. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power were significantly higher in the Vv-Chi strain compared to those in the other V. volvacea strains (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the nitrite scavenging activity among the four different strains (p<0.05). The ��-glucan content in the four V. volvacea strains ranged from 15.13-16.07%, and the VG-19 strain had the highest ��-glucan content (15.73%). The VG-19 strain also had the highest total amino acid (986.8 mg/kg) and essential amino acid (369.3 mg/kg) contents among the four V. volvacea strains. The results of this study showed that the Vv-Chi strain exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, while the ��-glucan and nutritional contents were higher in the VG-19 strain compared to those in the other strains of V. volvacea.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.289-294
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• 2002

The fungal strain SW-3 having antimicrobial activity was isolated from soil of crucified plants in Pocheon, Kyungki-Do, Korea. Strain SW-3 was identified as Alternaria brassicicola by its morphological characteristics, and confirmed by the analysis of the 18S gene and ITS regions of rDNA. The fungus showed a similarity of 99% with Alternaria brassicicola in the 18S rDNA sequence analysis. A. brassicicola has been reported to produce an antitumor compound, called depudecin. We found that strain SW-3 produced antimicrobial metabolites, in addition to depudecin, during sporulation under different growth conditions. The metabolite of the isolated fungus was found to have strong antifungal activity against Microsporium canis and Trichophyton rubrum, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aerogenes. The amount and kind of metabolites produced by the isolate were affected by growth conditions such as nutrients and growth periods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

Stresses from desolate urban environments cause illnesses and worsen health conditions of urban residents, while natural environments have a positive influence on human. Natural healing programs such as forest therapy and horticultural therapy can be differentiated by the characteristic of activity space. However, previous studies of healing programs have focused on either forest therapy or horticulture therapy and there is a limit to comprehending the effects of adopting and connecting various healing programs. This study compares and analyzes the physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy and horticultural therapy to identify the effects and differences by types of healing programs. The before and after effects of horticultural therapy and forest therapy are measured by experiment and survey for 5 days with 5 subjects in each program. For physiological reaction, blood pressure, pulse, and cortisol levels are measured and the profile of moods states(POMS) is used to measure psychological reaction. Collected data are analyzed with the analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Paired-Sample T-test in SPSS 18.0. The results of this study are as follows: 1) forest therapy and horticultural therapy show positive effects in physiological and physiological aspects, 2) forest therapy is more effective than horticultural therapy in physiological relaxation and stress mitigation, 3) horticultural therapy has a tendency to alleviate depression more effectively than forest therapy. In conclusion, this study contributes to providing fundamental information for the development of healing programs and design guidelines for healing spaces through identifying the characteristics of each healing program.