• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1679-1683
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR) of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) genes and the serum eCG levels. Methods: SNPs in 5'-UTR of eCG genes were screened across 10 horse breeds, including 7 Chinese indigenous breeds and 3 imported breeds using iPLEX chemistry, and the association between the serum eCG levels of 174 pregnant Da'an mares and their serum eCG levels (determined with ELISA) was analyzed. Results: Four SNPs were identified in the 5'-UTR of the $eCG{\alpha}$ gene, and one of them was unique in the indigenous breeds. There were 2 SNPs detected at the 5' end of the $eCG{\beta}$ subunit gene, and one of them was only found in the Chinese breeds. The SNP g.39948246T>C at the 5'-UTR of $eCG{\alpha}$ was associated significantly with eCG levels of 75-day pregnant mare serum (p<0.05) in Da'an mares. Prediction analysis on binding sites of transcription factors showed that the g.39948246T>C mutation causes appearance of the specific binding site of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 forkhead homolog 2 (HFH-2), which is a transcriptional repressor belonging to the forkhead protein family of transcription factors. Conclusion: The SNP g.39948246T>C at the 5'-UTR of $eCG{\alpha}$ is associated with eCG levels of 75-day pregnant mare serum (p<0.05).

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.699-705
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• 2007

말 6개 품종 192두를 대상으로 17개의 microsatellite DNA marker를 이용하여 유전자(DNA)형을 분석하여 비교한 결과 제주마에서 각 marker별로 대립유전자의 수는 5-10개(평균 7.35개)로 분포하였고 제주마에서 관찰된 대립유전자는 총 125개가 관찰되어 평균 좌위 당 7.35개로서 몽고마의 130개(평균 7.65개)보다는 낮은 수치였다. 또한 AHT5 marker에서 대립유전자 P, ASB23 marker에서 대립유전자 Q와 R, CA425 marker에서 대립유전자 H, HMS3 marker에서 대립유전자 S, HTG10 marker에서 대립유전자 J, LEX3 marker에서 대립유전자 J 등 6개 marker에서 7개의 특이 대립유전자가 관찰되었다. 관찰된 이형접합성(observed heterozygosity)과 기대된 이형접합성(expected heterozygosity)은 각각 0.429-0.905(평균 0.703)와 0.387-0.841(평균 0.702)로 관찰되었고 다량정보량(PIC)은 0.354(HTG6)-0.816(LEX3)로서 평균 0.659로 나타났으며 17개 marker중 AHT4, AHT5, CA425, HMS2, HMS3, HTG10, LEX3, VHL20 marker 등이 다량정보량(PIC) 0.7 이상을 나타내었다. 17개 marker에 대한 전체 부권부정율(친부마 혹은 친모마 하나의 유전자형을 알고 있을 경우)을 제주마에 적용 시 99.99%로 나타났다. 말 6개 품종별로 분석하였을 때 평균 대립유전자의 수는 7.64개(몽고마)-4.23개(미니츄어 말)로 분포하였고 17개 marker 전체에서는 153개의 대립유전자가 검출되었다. 품종별로 분석한 결과 기대된 이형접합성(expected heterozygosity)과 관찰된 이형접합성(observed heterozygosity)은 각각 0.7950$\pm$0.0141(몽고마)-0.6751$\pm$0.0378(미니츄어 말), 0.7135$\pm$0.0180(제주경주마)-0.5621$\pm$0.0401(미니츄어 말)로 나타났다. 말 6개 품종을 17개 microsatellite marker로 분석한 결과 몽고마, 제주마, 제주경주마 등의 순으로 높은 유전적 다양성을 보였다. 제주마와 가장 가까운 유전적 유연 관계를 나타낸 집단은 몽고마로서 Da genetic distance에서 0.1517로 나타났고, 제주경주마와는 0.2628의 유전적 거리를 보였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2022

본 연구는 여러 말 품종에서 Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4)의 유전적 다형성 및 Jeju crossbred에서의 기질특성과의 연관성을 분석하였다. DRD4 유전자의 다형성은 인간을 포함한 다양한 포유동물에서 기질과 연관된 후보 유전자이다. 말의 DRD4의 엑손 3번 영역에 있는 SNP G292A는 Thoroughbred에서 호기심과 경계와 관련이 있는 것으로 보고 되었다. 세 가지 말 품종에서 DRD4 유전자 내 존재하는 변이들의 다형성을 확인하기 위해 Sanger sequencing을 활용하였다. 제주마에서 각각의 빈도는 타 품종과 큰 차이를 보였다. 말의 품성 평가는 Jeju crossbred를 이용하여 수행하였으며, 기질 평가와 접촉 평가를 활용하여 각각 5개 항목과 2개 항목을 점수화 하였다. 품성 평가 결과 각 항목 간의 높은 상관관계를 확인하였다. 말의 DRD4 유전자 내 변이와 품성 평가 결과를 비교한 결과 대립유전자 A를 가지고 있을 때 기질 평가 5개 항목에서 모두 점수가 낮은 경향을 보이는 것을 확인하였으나 유의성은 없었다. Jeju crossbred의 G292A의 SNP과 혈액 내 도파민 수치를 비교한 결과 GA형이 GG형보다 약 2.87배 높은 결과를 확인하였다. 이번 연구를 통하여 DRD4 유전자 다형성과 말의 기질을 평가하기 위한 여러 평가 방법 및 신경전달물질과의 연관성을 확인할 수 있었다. 추가적인 연구를 통하여 품성 평가를 위한 유전자 마커로서 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.692-698
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• 2016

Advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled population-level studies for many animals to unravel the relationships between genotypic differences and traits of specific populations. The objective of this study was to perform evolutionary analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes of Korean native cattle Hanwoo in comparison to SNP data from four other cattle breeds (Jersey, Simmental, Angus, and Holstein) and four related species (pig, horse, human, and mouse) obtained from public databases through NGS-based resequencing. We analyzed population structures and differentiation levels for the five cattle breeds and estimated species-specific SNPs with their origins and phylogenetic relationships among species. In addition, we identified Hanwoo-specific genes and proteins, and determined distinct changes in protein-protein interactions among five species (cattle, pig, horse, human, mouse) in the STRING network database by additionally considering indirect protein interactions. We found that the Hanwoo population was clearly different from the other four cattle populations. There were Hanwoo-specific genes related to its meat trait. Protein interaction rewiring analysis also confirmed that there were Hanwoo-specific protein-protein interactions that might have contributed to its unique meat quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2007

The capability of microsatellite markers for individual identification and their potential for breed assignment of individuals was evaluated in two Indian horse breeds. The strength of these individual assignment methods was also evaluated by increasing the number of loci in increments of five. The probability of identity of two random horses from the two breeds at all twenty five studied loci was as low as $1.08{\times}10^{-32}$ showing their suitability to distinguish between individual horses and their products. In the phylogenetic approach for individual assignment using Nei's genetic distances, 10.81% of horses associated with breed other than the major cluster of the source breed horses when all twenty five microsatellite loci were implemented. Similar results were obtained when the maximum likelihood approach for individual assignment was used. Based on these results it is proposed that, although microsatellite markers may prove very useful for individual identification, their utility for breed assignment of horses needs further evaluation.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2011

'말산업육성법' 제정에 따라 국내 승마산업의 저변확대를 위해 자질이 우수한 국내산 승용마 생산 및 개량에 대한 연구가 절실히 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 국내에서 승용마로 활용되고 있는 3품종 (웜블러드, 더러브렛, 제주산마) 32두에 대해 12항목의 체형을 측정하여, 측정자료를 바탕으로 판별분석을 실시한 결과 81.3%가 정확하게 분류되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 체구성 분석을 통한 말의 유형 (경주마, 승용마, 재활치료마, 역용마, 비육마) 및 승용마 외모 심사를 판단하는 모형 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 것이며 이는 향후 3D 영상촬영측정치를 활용한 한국형 승용마 생산 및 개량화 연구에 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1460-1465
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• 2021

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the diversity of donkey populations by comparing with the diversity of Thoroughbred and Jeju Halla horses; identified breeding backgrounds can contribute to management and conservation of donkeys in South Korea. Methods: A total of 100 horse (50 Thoroughbreds and 50 Jeju Halla horses) and 79 donkeys samples were genotyped with 15 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3, and VHL20), to identify genetic diversity and relationships among horses and donkeys. Results: The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 (ASB17, HMS1) to 14 (AHT5), with a mean value of 4.87, 8.00, and 5.87 in Thoroughbreds, Jeju Halla horses, and donkeys, respectively. Of the 15 markers, AHT4, AHT5, ASB23, CA425, HMS2, HMS3, HTG4, HTG10, and LEX3 loci had relatively high polymorphism information content (PIC) values (PIC>0.5) in these three populations. Mean levels of genetic variation were H_E = 0.6721 and H_O = 0.6600 in Thoroughbreds, H_E = 0.7898 and H_O = 0.7100 in Jeju Halla horses, and H_E = 0.5635 and H_O = 0.4861 in donkeys. Of the 15 loci in donkeys, three loci had negative inbreeding coefficients (FIS), with a moderate mean FIS (0.138). The FIS estimate for the HTG4 marker was highest (0.531) and HMS6 marker was lowest (-0.001). The total probability of exclusion value of 15 microsatellite loci was 0.9996 in donkeys. Conclusion: Genetic cluster analysis showed that the genetic relationship among 79 donkeys was generally consistent with pedigree records. Among the three breeds, donkeys and Thoroughbred horses formed clearly different groups, but the group of Jeju Halla horses overlapped with that of Thoroughbred horses, suggesting that the loci would be suitable for donkey parentage testing. Therefore, the results of this study are a valid tool for genetic study and conservation of donkeys.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.424-435
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• 2020

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate variations in the immunophysiological responses to exercise-induced stress in Jeju and Thoroughbred horses. Methods: Blood samples were collected from the jugular veins of adult Jeju (n = 5) and Thoroughbred (n = 5) horses before and after 30 min of exercise. The hematological, biochemical, and immunological profiles of the blood samples were analyzed. Blood smears were stained and observed under a microscope. The concentration of cell-free (cf) DNA in the plasma was determined using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and polymorphonuclear cells were separated using Polymorphprep, and the expression of various stress-related and chemokine receptor genes was measured using reverse transcriptase (RT) and real-time PCR. Results: After exercise, Jeju and Thoroughbred horses displayed stress responses with significantly increased rectal temperatures, cortisol levels, and muscle catabolism-associated metabolites. Red blood cell indices were significantly higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise. In addition, exercise-induced stress triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and reduced platelet counts in Jeju horses but not in Thoroughbred horses. Heat shock protein 72 and heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 6 expression is rapidly modulated in response to exercise-induced stress in the PBMCs of Jeju horses. The expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 in PBMCs was higher in Thoroughbred horses than in Jeju horses after exercise. Conclusion: In summary, the different immunophysiological responses of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses explain the differences in the physiological and anatomical properties of the two breeds. The physiology of Thoroughbred horses makes them suitable for racing as they are less sensitive to exercise-induced stress compared to that of Jeju horses. This study provides a basis for investigating the link between exercise-induced stresses and the physiological alteration of horses. Hence, our findings show that some of assessed parameters could be used to determine the endurance performance of horses.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.793-798
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• 2009

본 연구는 제주마에서 빈번하게 관찰되는 전신성 백모색 발생의 유전 양상과 유전적 변이와의 상관을 구명하기 위해 수행하였다. 백모색은 표현형과 MC1R 유전자형 분석 자료의 조합을 근거로 결정한 가라, 유마, 적다 등 모든 기본 모색에서 관찰되었다. 제주마에서는 타 품종들에서 KIT 유전자의 이형 접합성에 의해 발생하는 선천성 백색에 대한 잠재적 돌연변이 들은 발견되지 않았다. STX17 유전자의 intron 6 에서 4.6-kb 중복을 보유한 개체들에서 특이적으로 탈색된 백모색이 관찰되었다. 관찰기록과 STX17 유전자형에 따라 제주마에서 관찰되는 탈색된 백화현상은 총마(점진적 백화증, Gray) 로 확인되었다. 가계도 분석에서 총마 형질은 상동염색체성 우성유전형 질로 나타났으며 상동염색체성 열성형질인 albinism과도 구분되었다. 제주마에서 총마 모색이 자마 시기에는 명확하게 발현되는 않으며, 종종 다른 표현형들과 혼동을 일으키기도 하기 때문에, 총마와 이와 유사한 표현형으로 출생 시부터 혼합 모색을 나타내는 조모색, 상처 치료 후 백화, 백반 유사피부 백색증 등에 대한 추가 연구가 요구된다고 하겠다. 그럼에도 불구하고 총마와 유전적 배경의 관계를 구명한 본 연구결과는 제주마에서 분자육종을 위한 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.1183-1187
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• 2004

The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene was identified as a candidate gene controlling the resistance and susceptibility to a number of intracellular parasites in pigs. The genetic variations in a 1.6 kb region spanning exon 1 and exon 3 of the porcine NRAMP1 gene were investigated by PCR-HinfI-RFLP in samples of 1347 individuals from 21 Chinese indigenous pig populations and 3 western pig breeds. Three alleles (A, B, C) and four genotypes (AA, BB, AB, BC) were detected. Significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies were observed between Chinese indigenous pig populations and exotic pig breeds, while in general the differences in genotype and allele frequencies among Chinese indigenous pig populations were not significant. The allele C was detected only in Duroc, Leping Spotted and Dongxiang Spotted pig, and the two Chinese pig populations showed similar genotype and allele frequencies. Four Chinese Tibetan pig populations displayed genetic differentiation at the NRAMP1 gene locus. In addition, intron 5 of the NRAMP1 gene was isolated and characterized by directly sequencing the PCR products encompassing intron 5. The alignment of intron 5 of the porcine, human, equine and ovine NRAMP1 gene showed a similarity of 45.38% between pig and human, 52.55% between pig and horse, 63.47% between pig and sheep, respectively.