• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is the analyze the spatial structure and housing component of the prairie style house of Frank Lloyd Wright during the Prairie Era which is between 1893-1910. The research results can be summarized as follows 1) In spite of European style influences which were fashionable at the time, Wright tried to attempt altering the space and form of his works (houses) from his unique architectural style. 2) All solid walls which are usually inside the square prairie and the cross floor plans were removed for interaction between the outside and inside spaces in a house creating an organic space. So the inside space of the house feels wider than the original space because of the available natural light. 3) Frank Lloyd Wright's early works were similar to the homes built at that time. However, as time passed, he remembered and was influenced by the Frobel's educational system blocks he played with as a child as well as the surrounding Midwestern USA prairies where he grew up. 4) The early prairie floor plan was square divided into nine equal parts which is classic floor planning. Wright, however, created his new unique architectural style. His style has developed into the prairie style and various floor plans. 5) Wright introduced a 3-dimensional architectural form of composition (cantilever, long eaves, etc.) to express symmetry and horizontal lines of the house. 6) Rather than emphasizing vertical lines in his works, Wright began emphasizing more horizontal lines like the horizontal lines of the actual prairies. This meant the surrounding environment of a house is always in nature.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.328-331
• /
• 2005

Cheonggyecheon, covered and Paved with concretes for about more than 50 years, is a losing stream crossing over the downtown of Seoul, Korea. Due to several environmental and economic Problems about the Cheonggyecheon area, the Cheonggyecheon restoration construction has started in 2003. In restoration of Cheonggyecheon, hydraulic barriers are to be installed so as to reduce stream depletion rates for maintaining the stream flow with supplying a certain amount of water. This study evaluates the groundwater-stream interaction by analyzing stream depletion rates of Cheonggyecheon. Results show that significant stream depletion occurs at the up-midstream where the Seoul subway lines are concentrated. Simulation results demonstrate that both horizontal and vertical hydraulic barriers impeding groundwater flow into subway lines are more efficient than a horizontal barrier only for stream depletion rate reduction.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.433-439
• /
• 2013

Background Facial beauty depends on the form, proportion, and position of various units of the face. In terms of the frontal view and facial profile, the chin is the most prominent aesthetic element of the lower third of the face. Many methods have been implemented to obtain good proportions of the lower face. In this study, we applied the T-shaped genioplasty method to correcting chin deformities. Methods All of the procedures in 9 cases were performed under general anesthesia. For genioplasty, a horizontal cutting line and 1 or 2 vertical cutting lines were drawn 5 mm below the mental foramen. Osteotomed bone segments of the chin were used for horizontal widening using bone grafts or for horizontal shortening. Likewise, they were used as bone grafts for vertical lengthening or vertical shortening. The bone segments were approximated in the midline and held in place using miniplates. Results The postoperative appearance of the 9 cases showed that the lower third of the face had been naturally changed. At the same time, vertical lengthening or shortening, and horizontal widening or shortening could be implemented during the operation. Satisfactory results were obtained based on reviews of the patients' preoperative and postoperative photographs. The patients were also satisfied with the outcomes. Conclusions Using T-shaped genioplasty, we efficiently adjusted the shape and position of the chin to obtain good proportions of the lower face and change its contour to obtain an aesthetically appealing oval face in accordance with East Asians' aesthetic preferences.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
• /
• 제2권1_2호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 1999

It is well known that the postoperative skeletal instability after Le Fort I osteotomy for advancement of maxilla in the cleft patients is one of the major surgical problems. So we had tried to compare the amount of relapse after Le Fort I advancement surgery in the horizontal and vertical positional change, angular change of reference points between cleft patients and non-cleft patients. Longitudinal records of 10 consecutive cleft patients (test group) and 20 non-cleft patients (control group) were analyzed. Lateral cephalograms were taken preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 2, 6, 12 months postoperatively. We measured horizontal and vertical changes (ANS, PNS, AI) and angular change (SNA) of the reference points and lines. In the test group, horizontal relapse of ANS, PNS, AI point are 36.4%, 37.5%, 32.0% respectively at 12 months postoperatively. The vertical relapse of ANS, PNS, AI are 25.3%, 32.3%, 39.1% respectively at 12 months postoperatively. The angular change of SNA is 33.6% at 12 months postoperatively. In the control group, horizontal relapse of ANS, PNS, AI point are 23.8%, 30.2%, 21.7% respectively at 12 months postoperatively. The vertical relapse of ANS, PNS, AI are 22.7%, 27.3%, 25.1% respectively at 12 months postoperatively. The angular change of SNA is 22.2% at 12 months postoperatively. The cleft patients have a larger tendency of skeletal and dental relapse compared with non-cleft patients after Le Fort I surgery. So the oral and maxillofacial surgeons must keep in mind these facts in order to minimize the relapse phenomenon from the beginning of surgical planning to postoperative care.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.556-563
• /
• 2006

문서 영상에서 표 영역을 분류하고 구조를 파악하려면 표를 구성하는 직선과 데이터를 추출할 수 있어야 한다. 그러나 영상 입력 장치의 오차나 영상축소로 인해 표를 구성하는 직선이 끊어지거나 길이가 변하며 직선에 노이즈나 문자가 붙어 표로부터 직선과 데이터의 정확한 추출이 어렵다. 본 논문에서 는 1차원 메디안 필터를 이용하여 표를 구성하는 수평선과 수직선을 추출한다. 1차원 메디안 필터는 필터링 방향의 직선을 추출하는 과정에서 노이즈와 필터링 방향에 수직한 직선을 제거할 뿐 아니라 직선의 끊어진 부분이 필터 탭 길이보다 짧은 경우 끊어진 부분을 연결한다. 또한 수직선을 추출하는 과정에서 직선에 붙어 있던 문자들을 분리함으로써 상용제품을 포함한 기존의 방법에 비해 표 영역 분류 및 구조 분석을 위한 직선과 데이터 추출이 우수한 방법을 제안한다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• 제45권6호
• /
• pp.216-222
• /
• 2015

Purpose: After extraction, the alveolar bone tends to undergo atrophy in three-dimensions. The amount of alveolar bone loss in the horizontal dimension has been reported to be greater than the amount of bone loss in the vertical dimension, and is most pronounced in the buccal aspect. The aim of this study was to monitor the predictive alveolar bone level following the extraction of anterior teeth seriously involved with advanced chronic periodontitis. Methods: This study included 25 patients with advanced chronic periodontitis, whose maxillary anterior teeth had been extracted due to extensive attachment loss more than one year before the study. Periapical radiographs were analyzed to assess the vertical level of alveolar bone surrounding the edentulous area. An imaginary line connecting the mesial and the distal ends of the alveolar crest facing the adjacent tooth was arbitrarily created. Several representative coordinates were established in the horizontal direction, and the vertical distance from the imaginary line to the alveolar crest was measured at each coordinate for each patient using image analysis software. Regression functions predicting the vertical level of the alveolar bone in the maxillary anterior edentulous area were identified for each patient. Results: The regression functions demonstrated a tendency to converge to parabolic shapes. The predicted maximum distance between the imaginary line and the alveolar bone calculated using the regression function was $1.43{\pm}0.65mm$. No significant differences were found between the expected and actual maximum distances. Likewise, the predicted and actual maximum horizontal distances did not show any significant differences. The distance from the alveolar bone crest to the imaginary lines was not influenced by the mesio-distal spans of the edentulous area. Conclusions: After extraction, the vertical level of the alveolar ridge increased to become closer to the reference line connecting the mesial and distal alveolar crests.

• 전자공학회논문지S
• /
• 제34S권11호
• /
• pp.114-125
• /
• 1997

This paper presents a method that automatically recognizes dimension sets from the mechanical drawings, and that classifies 6 types dimension sets according to functional purpose. In the proposed method, the object and closed-loop symbols are separated from the character-free drawings. Then object lines and interpretation lines are vectorized. And, after recognizing dimension sets(consistings of arrowhead, shape line, tail lines, extension lines, text-string, and feature control frame), we classify recognized dimension sets as horizontal, vertical, angular, diametral, radial, and leader dimension sets. Finally the proposed method converts classified dimension sets into AutoCAD data by using AutoLisp language. By using the methods of geometric modeling, the proposed method readily recognized and classifies dimension sets from complex drawings. Experimetnal results are presented, which are obtained by applying the proposed method to drawings drawn in compliance with the KS drafting standard.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제51권4호
• /
• pp.260-269
• /
• 2021

Objective: To identify the most favorable sites that optimize the initial stability and survival rate of orthodontic mini-implants, this study measured hard and soft tissue thicknesses in the median and paramedian regions of the palate using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and determined possible sex- and age-related differences in these thicknesses. Methods: The study sample comprised CBCT images of 189 healthy subjects. The sample was divided into four groups according to age. A grid area was set for the measurement of hard and soft tissue thicknesses in the palate. Vertical lines were marked at intervals of 0, 1.5, and 3.0 mm lateral to the midpalatal suture, while horizontal lines were marked at 2-mm intervals up to 24 mm from the posterior margin of the incisive foramen. Measurements were made at 65 points of intersection between the horizontal and vertical lines. Results: The palatal hard tissue thickness decreased from the anterior to the posterior region, with a decrease in the medial-to-lateral direction in the middle and posterior regions. While the soft tissue was rather thick around the lateral aspects of the palatal arch, it formed a constant layer that was only 1-2-mm thick throughout the palate. Statistically significant differences were observed according to sex and age. Conclusions: The anterolateral palate as well as the midpalatal suture seem to be the most favorable sites for insertion of orthodontic mini-implants. The thickness of the palate differed by age and sex; these differences should be considered while planning the placement of orthodontic mini-implants.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제72권3호
• /
• pp.383-393
• /
• 2019

Horizontal openings in reinforced concrete (RC) beams are quite often used to accommodate service pipelines. Several research papers are available in the literature describing their effect. RC beams with vertical openings are commonly used to accommodate service lines in residential buildings in Kuwait. However, there are lack of design guidelines and best practices reported in the literature for RC beams with vertical openings, whereas the detailed guidelines are available for beams with horizontal openings. In the present paper, laboratory experiments are conducted on nine RC beams with and without vertical openings. Parametric study has been carried out using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) with changes in the diameter of the opening, various positions of the opening along the length and width of the beam, edge distance, etc. 50 finite element simulations were conducted. The FEA results are verified using the results from the laboratory experiments. The study showed that the load carrying capacity of the beam is reduced by 20% for the RC beam with vertical openings placed near the center of the beam compared to a solid beam without an opening. Significant reduction in load carrying capacity is observed for beams with an opening near the support (${\approx}15%$). The overall stiffness of the beam, crack pattern and failure modes were not affected due to the presence of the vertical opening. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) analysis is carried out using the FEA generated data. The results and observations from the ANN and FEA are in good agreement with experimental results.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2003년도 International Meeting on Information Display
• /
• pp.130-133
• /
• 2003

Vertical Colour Selection (VCS) is an option for slim CRTs with increased sharpness and brightness. The direction of self-convergence of the DY is changed to vertical in order to obtain better spot uniformity, but the line scan direction remains horizontal. Hence, no video conversion is needed, contrary to transposed scan. In this paper we address two issues: First, there is a high risk of moire, since the scan lines and the phosphor stripes are parallel. We propose a feedback mechanism guiding the electron beams towards the middle of the mask slots. As positive side effects, the brightness is improved and the shadow mask can be made of a cheap type of steel. Secondly, VCS deflection coils have to satisfy different requirements than coils in ordinary CRTs. We discuss the design rules for self-convergent VCS coils and present simulation results.