• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-80
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• 2011

The study examines how Koreans' politeness is realized in a speech act, request. The main focus is to explore underlying rationale and influence involved in their performance, not just the comparison of difference in politeness realization between native and nonnative speakers of English, as previous studies did. The study employs the DCT, an attached politeness scale questionnaire, and interviews. Twenty nine university students participated in the study. Interchangeable reading of the three data yields some interesting and valuable insights. The participants heavily rely on a few formulaic expressions to express politeness, such as interrogatives with modal verbs, please and excuse me as a politeness marker. They want to use honorific address terms that is literally translated into English, and have a belief that there are honorific words in English as in Korean. The study refers to the participants' voice on indirectness, nonverbal messages, and expressions with different connotations between English and Korean.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.5
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• pp.93-106
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• 2003

Professor Daihyun Chung has recently presented an intriguing view of Ban-mal(non-honorific expressions) in Korean. He criticizes uses of Ban-mal, on the grounds that they presuppose the existence of hierarchical structures in human beings. Professor Chung also advocates ″a relational theory of Ban-mal″ according to which ascriptions of 'n-mal' should be relativized to the speaker-hearer relationship. He employs this view in showing that uses of Ban-mal indeed presuppose the existence of hierarchical structures in human beings I claim that Professor Chung has not shown the credibility of his relational theory of Ban-mal, and that this very view leads to an unintended and undesirable consequence. Moreover, 1 show that even if we assume that this view is true for the sake of an argument, he is not able to show that uses of Ban-mal indeed presuppose the existence of hierarchical structures. All he can show is rather that uses of 'Ban-mal'(a meta-linguistic expression) presuppose the existence of hierarchical structures. Finally, 1 conclude that what really presupposes the existence of hierarchical structures is the asymmetrical uses of Ban-mal and honorific expressions.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.2 no.2 s.4
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• pp.89-106
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• 1993

Wherever Buddhism has flourished, there were stupas in the form of monuments which have their origin in the tumulm of prehistoric times. After the death of Buddha, his body was cremated following the Indian funeral custom. His ashes, which long reserved for the remains of nobles and holymen, were enshrined under such artificial hills of earth and brick. The Stupa was in origin a simple burial-mound. The form of the burial-mound was a symbolical or magic reconstruction of the imagined shape of the sky, like a dome covering the earth. The domical form of the earliest tumuli may have been concious replicas of the shape of the Vedic hut. There are relationships which may have originally existed between the stupa and West Asiatic monuments. Buddhist Stupa originally cosisted of an almost hemispherical tumulus(anda) and an altar-like structure (harmika) on its top, surmounted by one or several superimposed honorific umbrellas (hti, catta). This hemispherical form is associated with centralisation, lunar worship, mother earth, and Siva. Anda means a symbol of latent creative power, the harmika symbolizes the sanctuary enthroned aboved the world. The honorific umbrella, as an abstract imitation of the shade-giving tree is one of the chief solar symbols and that of enlightenment.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.9B no.6
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• pp.817-826
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• 2002

In Korean dialogue honorification phenomenon may occur, an honorific pronoun may be used, and a subject or an object may be completely omitted when it can be recovered based on context. This paper proposes that in order to process Korean dialogue in which such distinct linguistic phenomena occur and to construct its representation structure we mark and use the following information explicitly, not implicitly : information about dialogue participants, information about the speech act of an utterance, information about the relative order of social status for the people involved in dialogue, and information flow among utterances of dialogue. In addition, this paper presents a method of marking and using such situational information and an appropriate representation structure of Korean dialogue. In this paper we set up Korean dialogue representation structure by modifying and extending DRT (Discourse Representation Theory) and SDRT (Segmented Discourse Representation Theory). Futhermore, this paper shows how to process Korean dialogue computationally and construct its representation structure by using Prolog programming language, and then applies such representation structure to spontaneous Korean dialogue to know its validity.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.77-80
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• 1989

높임법의 최소형 정립은 말본범주의 인지뿐만 아니라, 사전의 어휘항복 설정에 절대적 중요성을 갖는다. 굴곡가지의 높임법 낱덩이, 곧 최소형 인지의 요건은 첫째, 분포상 굴곡가지가 줄기에 직접 통합되어야 한다는 것이며, 둘째, 줄기에 직접 통합되는 요소가 높임법의 의미를 가져야 한다는 것이다. 단순형태소가 줄기에 직접 통합하여 존대의 의미를 가지는 것은 홑최소형이 되고, 다른 것과 의무적으로 통합하여 줄기에 직접 통합되는 것은 겹최소형이다. 의무적인 겹최소형이 다시 독립적으로 설 수 있는 비의무적 요소와 통합하여 새로운 존대의 의미를 생성한다면, 이 또한 겹최소형이 된다. 높임의 최소형은 높임법과 의항법의 이차원의 성격을 띤다. 따라서 높임의 최소형의 전 분포는 높임의 등분과 함께, 의향법 체계에 걸쳐 있다. 최소형은 풀이씨의 종류에 따라 다름도 주의할 일이다. 시상법은 높임법의 구성소일 뿐이며, 또한 그 자체 독립하는 것으로 높임법과 의향법과는 그 차원을 달리한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.340-348
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• 2007

This paper deals with the complex verb formation of passive and potential predicates and syntactic structures projected by these verbs. Though both predicates are formed with the suffix -rare which has been assumed to originate from the same stem, they show significantly different syntactic behaviors. We propose two kinds of concatenation of base verbs and auxiliaries; passive verbs are lexically formed with the most restrictive mode of combination, while potential verbs are formed syntactically via more flexible combinatory operations of function composition. The difference in the mode of complex verb formation has significant consequences for their syntactic structures and semantic interpretations, including different combination with the honorific morphemes and subjectivization of arguments/adjuncts of base verbs. We also consider the case alternation phenomena and their implications for scope construals found in potential sentences, which can be accounted for in a unified manner in terms of the optional application of function composition.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.954-957
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• 2019

한국어 맞춤법 검사기는 현재 여러 곳에서 개발하여 서비스를 제공하고 있으며 다양한 목적으로 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이들은 맞춤법이나 띄어쓰기를 검사할 뿐, 존댓말과 같은 높임표현이 잘못 사용되었는지는 검사할 수 없다. 최근에는 맞춤법 검사를 위해 통계적 방식과 딥러닝을 사용하고 있지만, 본 연구에서는 규칙 기반을 활용하여 사용자가 텍스트를 입력하면 잘못된 높임표현을 탐지하여 그에 대한 오류 정보를 제공하고, 올바른 표현으로 교정하는 프로그램을 개발하였다. 구문 분석기를 사용하여 주어-서술어 구조를 파악하고, 형태소 분석기를 활용하여 높임표현을 탐지한 후 격틀사전의 정보를 이용하여 존댓말 오류를 탐지한다. 본 연구는 격식이 있는 문서를 검사할 때나, 한국어 높임말에 익숙하지 않은 외국인들에게 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.30
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• pp.167-186
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• 2013

The purpose of this article is to consider the usage of 'mosu' and 'haberi' in "Shasekishu" written in middle Japanese. In old Japanese, 'mosu' and 'haberi' was used as a modest usage. In middle Japanese, however, the term came to be used in the way to pay respect to the hearer with the shift of its usage, further, in 'jinobun', the writer is using it in the stylistic usage which plays a significant role in providing aesthetic effect for many unspecified readers. As a device to express the honorific forms in middle Japanese, the stylistic usage is claimed to be found with other literary works as well as "Shasekishu".

• Korean Linguistics
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• v.74
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• pp.1-24
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• 2017

This paper investigated -eullanjira sentence as a kind of construction of the Southwestern dialect in Korea. Five informants were selected to form the main corpus of -eullanjira. Through analyzing the corpus, its semantic, syntactic and morphological characteristics were figured out. Firstly, a view of construction grammar was adopted to capture the semantic and syntactic characteristics of -eullanjira. The construction of -eullanjira was established as "Xdo Yeullanjira Z". Syntactically, -do was found to be a common auxiliary particle, which allowed nouns, adverbs, verbs and adjectives to appear at the position of X, while only verbs and adjectives could appear at the position of Y. Subject-honorific, causative and passive prefinal endings could coexist with Y, while tense and modal prefinal endings could not. Z was an embedded clause, which had the semantic feature of [-DOUBT], meaning 'it should be done undoubtedly'. The formation of -eullanjira was next examined both diachronically and synchronically. It was found there was a conjuntive ending of Middle Korean, corresponding -eullanjira, namely, -landai. Finally, -eullanjira was newly analyzed as [[-eulla-]+[-n-ji-ra]].

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2021.01a
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• pp.141-142
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• 2021

최근 발전한 인공신경망 기반 기계 번역은 번역 시 더 자연스러운 번역을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 기계번역기법을 이용하여 반말 표현을 존댓말 표현으로 변환하는 기법을 제안한다. 특히, 이를 위해 DCInside의 게시판을 크롤링하고 AI-HUB 데이터와 합쳐 약 20,000개의 자체 데이터 셋을 구축하였으며, 한글 전처리를 위한 4가지 기법 및 OpenNMT 프레임웍의 LSTM 및 Transformer 모듈을 활용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 이를 통해, 반말 표현을 높임 표현으로 변환하는 최적조합을 확인하였으며, 검증시 BLUE점수로 최대 66.53를 획득하였다.