• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.197-200
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• 1983

This study is concerned with quality and analysis of nutritive value of commercially available honey and pollen load. Of thirteen kind of commercially available honeys, acid levels were less than KP IV standard. Color reaction for ammonia, resorcine and varium chloride was negative and trace of starch and dextrine was not detected. There were no extraneous materials in honey samples. Specific gravity of sample was slightly higher than KP IV standard. Total ash lied between 0.01 and 0.15% of honey weight which was less than KP IV standard, except 0.56% of Castanea Honey. Studies on mineral compositions (AAS) for honeys and pollen loads showed that $Na^+,\;K^+,\;Ca^{2+},\;Fe^{2+}\;Cu^{2+}\;and\;CO^{2+}$ were the most commonly occuring minerals. Pollen loads showed higher levels of mineral contents than honeys. Castanea Honey revealed rich in minerals. $Cd^{2+}\;and\;Pb^{2+}$ were found relatively higher level in Robinia Honey. Reducing sugar level showed $60{\sim}70$ in honeys and $25{\sim}30$ in pollen loads. Non reducing sugar varied between 2 to 7% in pollen loads.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

An analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry has been developed for measurement of acaricides (amitraz, bromopropylate, coumaphos, cymiazole, and tetradifon) in honey sample. In the stability test of acaricides in honey, amitraz underwent a rapid degradation into 2,4-dimethylaniline (DMA), 2,4-dimethylphenylformamide (DMPF), and N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-N'-methylformamidine (DMPMF), whileas other acaricides were found to be stable even for over three months. Extraction of five acaricides from 5g of honey sample was carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using 20mL of ethylacetate. For purification, Florisil-SPE cartridge with elution of 5mL of n-hexane/ acetone (55:45, v/v) was found to remove interferences effectively. Quantification was performed using gas chromatography / mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. Spiking experiments were carried out to determine the recovery, precision, and limits of detection (LODs) of the method. The overall recovery values from honey spiked at 0.02 and 0.20 ${\mu}g/g$ levels, respectively, were found to be greater than 75% for all acaricides. The method detection limits for acaricides were ranged from 0.1 to 3 ppb. The developed method in this study was applied for the monitoring of acaricides in honey products collected from urban markets in Korea.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.356-359
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• 2010

Glass transition phenomena in nine Korean pure honeys (moisture content 18.3~20.1%) and honey-water mixtures by different water contents (0, 2, 5, and 10% w/w) were investigated with modulated different scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The total, reversing, and non-reversing heat flows were quantified during heating using MDSC. Glass transition was observed from reversing heat flow separated from the total heat flow. The glass transition temperatures ($T_g$) of pure honeys, which are in the range of $-42.7^{\circ}C$ to $-50.0^{\circ}C$, varied a lot with low determination coefficient ($R^2$=0.63), whereas those of honey-water mixtures decreased with a decrease in honey content. The $T_g$ values were also more significantly different among honey-water mixtures when compared to pure honeys, indicating that in the honey-water mixture system the $T_g$ values appear to be greatly dependent on moisture content. The measured heat capacity change (${\Delta}C_p$) was not influenced by moisture content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.660-664
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• 2018

Honey is known to have a variety of health-promoting effects. Ethyl acetate fractions (EAFs) of four Korean domestic honeys from basswood, Korean raisin, chestnut, and acacia as well as a New Zealand manuka honey were analyzed comparatively to evaluate their antioxidative and antimelanogenic effects. The EAFs of basswood, Korean raisin, and chestnut honey had higher antioxidant capacities and tyrosinase inhibition activities than those of manuka honey. Pretreatment of B16F1 melanoma cells with EAFs at $100{\mu}g/mL$ resulted in relative retention of melanin contents as follows: acacia honey (141.0%)>basswood honey (134.3%)>manuka honey (131.5%)>Korean raisin honey (107.3%)>chestnut honey (88.0%). Intracellular tyrosinase activities of B16F1 melanoma cells were significantly (p<0.05) lowered by EAFs of Korean raisin and chestnut honey than by EAF of manuka honey. Consequently, these results suggest that Korean domestic honeys from different floral sources serve as good sources of antioxidative and antimelanogenic agents.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.97-97
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• 2018

Honey used as conventional medicine has various pharmacological properties. In the honey and anti-inflammatory effect, Gelam honey and Manuka honey has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory activity. However, the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of acacia honey (AH) are not well understood. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of AH in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH attenuated NO production through inhibition of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. AH also decreased the expressions of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MCP-1 expression as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. In the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, AH decreased LPS-mediated $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ degradation and subsequent nuclear accumulation of p65, which resulted in the inhibition of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in RAW264.7 cells. AH dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, AH significantly inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of ATF2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that AH has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and MCP-1 via interruption of the $NF-{\kappa}B$ and MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathways.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.147-160
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• 2013

This research investigates the quality characteristics of bread added with honey. The overall effects of honey on white pan bread were examined in terms of mixograph, fermentation rates, pH levels, TPA, colorimeter, water activity, hardness and moisture content of bread through different storage periods(1, 2, 3 days) using sensory evaluation. According to mixograph, all the samples were found to be proper between 3 and 5 minutes of peak time and their peak values were at the level of 60%. Also, HL100 had the highest fermentation rate and fermentation persistence from 60 min to 135 min. HL100 showed the lowest pH level in ingredient, dough, fermentation and crumb, and the highest specific volume. TPA analysis showed that HL100 had the lowest hardness and the highest springiness of all. And HL100 was the lowest in hardness(i.e. highest in softness) and had the highest moisture content after storage of 72 hours. Preference test showed that HL100 got the best texture, flavor, mouth feel, taste and overall acceptance. In these results of experiment, honey affects the quality of dough and bread, and liquid honey could be used as a substitute for sugar in breadmaking.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of various honeys originating from different sources, and to identify factors potentially useful for distinguishing the honey sources. The sugar composition, moisture content and total acidity of twenty six honey samples were analyzed. The moisture contents were lowest in honeys from Acacia and were not greatly different with regard to honey sources. Fructose content was highest, followed by glucose, sucrose and maltose in all kinds of honey. Sugar composition did not show any reliable criterion useful for identifying the sources of honey samples. The fructose/glucose ratio did not differ among samples, however the ratios in honeys from Acacia and Chestnut were higher than honey from poly floral sources. The total acidity of honeys ranged 10.30-12.45 meq/kg regard-less of the source, thus acidity is not a useful criterion for identifying the honey source.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2007

A total of 60 samples (38 domestic honeys and 22 foreign honeys) were collected from October in 2003 to May in 2004 in Incheon metropolitan area, and contents of important quality-related components in honeys were analyzed using methods of Korea Food Code. Most of the honeys were satisfied with Korean limit (21%) in moisture content even though 4 samples brought by Korean travellers and 1 sample in domestic honey (wild flower) were higher than the limit. The lowest mean level of moisture in the honeys was imported foreign honeys (16.95%). All of the samples were below of 0.6% in the analysis of ash contents. The highest content was imported foreign honey (0.19%) while the lowest content was in domestic acacia honey (0.05%). Acidity of domestic honeys (9.49-9.94meq/kg) was approximately half of that in foreign honeys. All samples were satisfied with Korean limit (40.0meq/kg). In the analysis of fructose and glucose, only three samples of foreign honeys were lower than Korean limit (sum of both ; 65%). The content of sucrose in all samples was less than 7%. Mean of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) contents were 12.83-24.3mg/kg in domestic honey, and 31.34-45.58mg/kg in foreign honey. However, three samples brought by Korean travellers were not satisfied with Korean limit (${\leq}80mg/kg$). In conclusion, quality of domestic honey was better than that of foreign honey. Also, it may be needed that the honeys purchased by Korean travellers in foreign countries should be continuously monitored.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-171
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• 1976

Experimental approaches on the effectiveness of thimerosal to control growth of Nosema apis (Zander, 1909) were carried out in the rearing honey bees. The rearing honey bees were artificially infected with various levels of spore isolated from local honey bees. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In the experiments of therapeutic chemicals for Nosema disease, 0.01% and 0.02% thimerosal of sucrose-honey mixture was the most effective agent but the each concentration of amprolium, furazolidone, hygiene, sulfadimethoxine and terramycin did not show the any effects 2. It showed very high therapeutic effectiveness (over than 90%) that the treatment of three times every other day after the treatment of three times consecutive every day with 0.01% thimerosal, or the treatment of three times consecutive every day with 0.02% thimerosal. 3. When 0.02% thimerosal was administered three times consecutive every day to honey bees at the 4th day before artificial inoculation of N. apis, it showed very high degree (100%) of prevalence control effectiveness, and it also showed high degree (over than 90%) in administration at the 7th day before, and over than 80% at the 10th day before. Then authors found that thimerosal has the prevalence control effectiveness as well as the treatment effectiveness. 4. In the rearing honey bee colony, 0.02% thimerosal showed the high degree (over than 80%) of therapeutic effectiveness with the various levels which contained from the light decree of infection to the severe degree of it.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1984

Quality of five kinds of honey were evaluated. Honey had total soluble sugar above 96% on the dry weight and a little amount of protein. The mineral composition varied with the kinds of honey, but all tested honey showed the highest content of K and Na, and a considerable amount of Fe, Mg, Ca, Zn, and P. Free sugars were mainly composed of fructose and glucose. The fructose/glucose ratio of honey was 1.0-1.39. Buckwheat honey showed comparatively higher content of sucrose and maltose. All tested honey were analyzed to give pH 3.23-4.32, total acid 10.5-23.9 meq/kg, hydroxymethylfurfural 0.58-21.31 mg/kg, diastatic activity 13.95-36.59.