• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.763-768
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• 2014

The identity of 45 Hanwo and 47 imported beef (non-Hanwoo) samples from USA and Australia were verified using the microsatellite (MS) marker and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) methods. Samples were collected from 19 supermarkets located in the city of Seoul and Gyeonggi province, South Korea, from 2009 to 2011. As a result, we obtained a 100% concordance rate between the MS and SNP methods for identifying Hanwoo and non-Hanwoo beef. The MS method presented a 95% higher individual discriminating value for Hanwoo (97.8%) than for non-Hanwoo (61.7%) beef. For further comparison of the MS and SNP methods, blood samples were collected and tested from 54 Hanwoo ${\times}$ Holstein crossbred cattle (first, second, and third generations). By using the SNP and MS methods, we correctly identified all of the first-generation crossbred cattle as non-Hanwoo; in addition, among the second and third generation crossbreds, the ratio identified as Hanwoo was 20% and 10%, respectively. The MS method used in our study provides more information, but requires sophisticated techniques during each experimental process. By contrast, the SNP method is simple and has a lower error rate. Our results suggest that the MS and SNP methods are useful for discriminating Hanwoo from non-Hanwoo breeds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of slaughter season on the fatty acid profile in four types of fat deposits in crossbred (Polish Holstein Friesian Black-and-White${\times}$Limousine) beef bulls. The percentage share of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography and were divided into the following categories of fatty acids: saturated (SFAs), unsaturated (UFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), polyunsaturated (PUFAs), desirable hypocholesterolemic (DFAs) and undesirable hypercholesterolemic (OFAs), n-3 and n-6. Perinephric fat was characterized by the highest SFA concentrations (59.89%), and subcutaneous fat had the highest MUFA content (50.63%). Intramuscular fat was marked by a high percentage share of PUFAs and the highest PUFA/SFA ratio. The slaughter season had a significant effect on the levels of C18:3, C20:4 ($p{\leq}0.01$) and conjugated linoleic acid ($p{\leq}0.05$). There was an interaction between the slaughter season and fat type for the content of C20:4 ($p{\leq}0.01$) and C20:5 ($p{\leq}0.05$). The results of this study show that beef from cattle slaughtered in the summer season has a higher nutritional value and more health-promoting properties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.37-43
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• 2001

1. About fifty thousand of cattle embryos were transferred and 16000 ET-calves were born in 1999. Eighty percents of embryos were collected from Japanese Black beef donors and transferred to dairy Holstein heifers and cows. Since 1985, we have achieved in bovine in vitro fertilization using immature oocytes collected from ovaries of slaughterhouse. Now over 8000 embryos fertilized by Japanese Black bull, as Kitaguni 7~8 or Mitsufuku, famousbulls as high marbling score of progeny tests were sold to dairy farmers and transferred to their dairy cattle every year. 2. Embryo splitting for identical twins is demonstrated an useful tool to supply a bull for semen collection and a steer for beef performance test. According to the data of Dr. Hashiyada(2001), 296 pairs of split-half embryos were transferred to recipients and 98 gave births of 112 calves (23 pairs of identical twins and 66 singletons). 3. A blastomere-nuclear-transferred cloned calf was born in 1990 by a joint research with Drs. Tsunoda, National Institute of Animal Industry (NIAI) and Ushijima, Chiba Prefectural Farm Animal Center. The fruits of this technology were applied to the production of a calf from a cell of long-term-cultured inner cell mass (1988, Itoh et al, ZEN-NOH Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock) and a cloned calf from three-successive-cloning (1997, Tsunoda et al.). According to the survey of MAFF of Japan, over 500 calves were born until this year and a glaf of them were already brought to the market for beef. 4. After the report of "Dolly", in February 1997, the first somatic cell clone female calves were born in July 1998 as the fruits of the joint research organized by Dr. Tsunoda in Kinki University (Kato et al, 2000). The male calves were born in August and September 1998 by the collaboration with NIAI and Kagoshima Prefecture. Then 244 calves, four pigs and a kid of goat were now born in 36 institutes of Japan. 5. Somatic cell cloning in farm animal production will bring us as effective reproductive method of elite-dairy- cows, super-cows and excellent bulls. The effect of making copy farm animal is also related to the reservation of genetic resources and re-creation of a male bull from a castrated steer of excellent marbling beef. Cloning of genetically modified animals is most promising to making pig organs transplant to people and providing protein drugs in milk of pig, goat and cattle. 6. Farm animal cloning is one of the most dreamful technologies of 21th century. It is necessary to develop this technology more efficient and stable as realistic technology of the farm animal production. We are making researches related to the best condition of donor cells for high productivity of cloning, genetic analysis of cloned animals, growth and performance abilities of clone cattle and pathological and genetical analysis of high rates of abortion and stillbirth of clone calves (about 30% of periparutum mortality). 7. It is requested in the report of Ministry of Health, labor and Welfare to make clear that carbon-copy cattle(somatic cell clone cattle) are safe and heathy for a commercial market since the somatic cell cloning is a completely new technology. Fattened beef steers (well-proved normal growth) and milking cows(shown a good fertility) are now provided for the assessment of food safety.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.385-391
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare proteins expressed in M. longissimus from Hanwoo and Holstein steers immediately after slaughter. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE)/LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the total number of detectable protein spots from longissimus muscle tissues was slightly higher in Hanwoo ($575{\pm}65$) than Holstein ($534{\pm}13$) steers, but that these numbers were not statistically significant due to large variation between replicates. A total of twelve protein spots did not match between sample groups, eight of which were expressed in the Hanwoo sample and four that were expressed in the Holstein sample. The protein spots detected in the Hanwoo sample included smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin alkali light chain 6B isomers, ${\alpha}B$ crystallin isomers, hemoglobin ${\beta}$-A chains, slow myosin heavy chains, and slow skeletal muscle troponin T chains. Collectively, these proteins are a class of slow-twitch muscle fiber and mirror that Hanwoo muscle tissue sampled for the current study contained more slow-twitch muscle fibers than Holstein one. Conversely, proteins detected from the Holstein sample included ankyrin repeat domain 2 and creatin kinase isomers. Given that creatin kinase isomers are related to the fast-twitch muscle, these results likely indicate that Holstein muscle tissue sampled for the current study contained more fast-twitch muscle fibers than Hanwoo beef.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.59-75
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• 2000

This study was carried out to develop a DNA marker for identifying between Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and other breeds. First experiment was performed to isolate Hanwoo specific DNA marker at sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs). Five breeds of cattle including Hanwoo, Holstein, Hereford, Angus and Charolais were represented with the from 8 to 20 individuals. Fourteen primers of 300 arbitrary primers of 10 nucleotides showed reproducible polymorphism across the breeds. An amplified band of 0.9 kb in the primer MG-3 showed the specificity to Holstein breed. And MG-6 and MG-12 detected the Hereford and Hanwoo specific markers at the size of 2.0 kb and 1.0 kb, respectively. A 1.0 kb band of MG-12 was cloned and sequenced. A SCAR primer was designed based on the obtained sequences. It was possible to identify the Hanwoo from Holstein breed. Second experiment was carried out to observe the genotype frequencies of MC1R in 1,044 samples of imported beef and eight different cattle breeds including Hanwoo, Holstein, Angus, Brown-Swiss, Charolais, Limousin, Simmental and Hereford. The primers for the amplification of bovine MC1R gene were designed based on a bovine MC1R gene sequence (GenBank accession no.Y19103). A size of 350 bp was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR), digested with two different restriction enzyme, BsrFI and MspA II, and electrophoresed in 2.5% Metaphore agarose gel for determination of genotypes. Genotype frequencies of Hanwoo were 0.10 in E+e and 0.90 in ee. Allele ED was shown in all of Holstein and Angus breeds tested which have black coat color phenotypes. We suggested that SCAR marker and the bovine MC1R gene could be used as a DNA marker for distinguishing beef between Hanwoo and Holstein.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2015

A survey was conducted to determine the perception of youku meat among college students majoring in food and/or nutrition. The survey participants were located nationwide, and the responses from the 2,454 students were analyzed. More male and higher grade students answered that they had heard about youku while only 20.0% had learned about Youku from class. Approximately 37.8% of the subjects recognized youku as 'dairy cattle which are too old to produce milk', 54.0% as 'all cattle grown for the purpose of meat', and 23.1% as 'all cattle except for Hanwoo'. Only 37.4% recognized youku correctly. Compared with the same quality grade, 25.3% recognized youku meat as being cheaper than imported beef, and only 25.6% of them recognized that youku meat has less fat than imported beef. As much as 83.3% of subjects did not know whether or not they were served youku meat, and 23.7% of subjects wanted increased availability of youku meat. As much as 22.9% of subjects opposed the increased use of youku meat, and the reasons were "it does not taste good" (18.1%), "it is not Hanwoo" (15.1%), "it is not sanitary" (13.1%), and "it is imported" (6.0%). The findings provide basic information on barriers regarding youku meat promotion among subjects who will be dieticians in food service or managers in purchase departments of catering companies in the future.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 1990

This study was carried out to produce superior dairy cattle by embryo transfer. Seven dairy cows were superovulated with divided injection of FSH 4Omg for 5 days started on day 9 to 14 of the estrus cycle and injection of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ 45mg on day 4 of FSH injection. Donor cows were flushed to collect embryos on day 7 or 8 of the estrus cycle. Fresh embryos collected were transferred to synchronized dairy recipients or frozen using glycerol 3 step method to he equilibrated. And 35 embryos which were frozen using glycerol 6 step method were imported from U.S.A. After glycerol dilution of frozen embryos was done by reverse density during freezing. frozen-thawed embryos were transferred to synchronized dairy or beef recipients. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Total of 24 embryos were collected from 7 donor cows flushed and transferable embryos were 18 (75.0%). 2. Among 24 embryos. morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst, expanded blastocyst and unfertilized ova were 3 (12.5%), 1 (4.2%), 10 (41.6%), 4 (16.7%) and 6 (25.0%), respectively. 3. Heat inducing rate after 1st and 2nd injections of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ in Holstein and beef cattle was 83.3% and 71.4% and 62.5% and 69.2%, respectively. 4. Among 56 recipients, 23 head were pregnant (41.1%). The pregnancy rate of fresh embryos was 50.0% (1/2 heads) and the pregnancy rate of frozen embryos which were frozen using glycerol 3 step and using glycerol 6 step imported from U.S.A. was 52.6%(l0/19 heads) and 34.3%(12/35 heads), respectively. 5. The pregnancy rate of blastocyst (60.0%) was higher than that of morula (39.0%), early blastocyst (25.0%) and expanded blastocyst (0%). 6. The pregnancy rate of grade I embryos (52.2%) was higher than that of grade 2 (34.6%) and grade 3 (28.6%). 7. The pregnancy rate according to synchrony of recipient with donor was higher in simultaneous recipient (55.0%) and +l2hrs' (53.8%) than -24hrs' (23.5%), -l2hrs' (20.0%) and +24hrs' (0%).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.561-566
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• 1994

Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol was measured in cattle to evaluate normal range and to investigate the difference of $\alpha$-tocopherol levels between healthy cattle and diseased cattle. Seventy two heads of 1 year old beef Cattle have 429.9$\pm$77.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml of Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol. The Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol values of calves with diarrhea(8 heads), pneumonia(6 heads) and piroplasmosis(4 heads) were 87.1$\pm$19.2, 126.3$\pm$45.7 and 106.3$\pm$30.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml, respectively. But that of calves in good health (S heads) was 357.t$\pm$68.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1. And the values of diseased calves are significantly lower an that of calves in good health(p<0.05). Seasonaly, serum $\alpha$-tocopherol levels of dairy Holstein cows were 529.9$\pm$ 120.3(March), 540.2$\pm$127.2(June), 566.9$\pm$149.5(September) and 550,0$\pm$ 125.4(December)$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1, respectively. The values on autumn was the highest than that of othor seasons. Serum H-tocopherol level of cows with retained placenta was 262.2$\pm$40.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1. And the level of retained placenta was significantly lower than that of healthy cattle regardless seasonal variation(p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.935-944
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• 2013

Essential oils have been shown to favorably effect in vitro ruminal fermentation, but there are few in vivo studies that have examined animal responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thyme (THY) and cinnamon (CIN) essential oils on feed intake, growth performance, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in feedlot calves fed high-concentrate diets. Twelve growing Holstein calves ($213{\pm}17kg$ initial BW) were used in a completely randomized design and received their respective dietary treatments for 45 d. Treatments were: 1-control (no additive), 2-THY (5 g/d/calf) and 3-CIN (5 g/d/calf). Calves were fed ad libitum diets consisting of 15% forage and 85% concentrate, and adapted to the finishing diet by gradually increasing the concentrate ratio with feeding a series of transition diets 5 wk before the experiment started. Supplementation of THY or CIN did not affect DMI and ADG, and feed efficiency was similar between treatment groups. There were no effects of additives on ruminal pH and rumen concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total VFA; whereas molar proportion of acetate and ratio of acetate to propionate decreased, and the molar proportion of propionate increased with THY and CIN supplementation. Rumen molar concentration of butyrate was significantly increased by adding CIN compared to control; but no change was observed with THY compared with control group. No effects of THY, or CIN were observed on valerate, isobutyrate or isovalerate proportions. Plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea-N, ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were not changed by feeding THY or CIN. Results from this study suggest that supplementing a feedlot finishing diet with THY or CIN essential oil might be useful as ruminal fermentation modifiers in beef production systems, but has minor impacts on blood metabolites.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.464-470
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• 2017

Three Korean native cattle (KNC) and seven exotic breeds (Chikso, Hanwoo, Jeju black, Holstein, Japanese black, Charolais, Angus, Hereford, Simmental, and Cross breed) were characterized by using five microsatellite (MS) markers (INRA30, TGLA325, UMN0803, UMN0905, and UMN0929) from the sex chromosome. Genetic diversity was evaluated across the 10 breeds by using the number of alleles per locus, allele frequency, heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content (PIC) to search for locus and/or breed specific alleles, allowing a rapid and cost-effective identification of cattle samples, avoiding mislabeling of commercial beef. It was divided into two main groups from STRUCTURE analysis, one corresponding to KNC and the other to exotic cattle breeds. These results also showed specific genetic differences between KNC and exotic breeds. Nei's standard genetic distance was calculated and used in the construction of a neighbor-joining tree. Results evidenced a correspondence between genetic distance, breeds' history, and their geographic origin, and a clear separation between KNC and exotic breeds. Overall, this study evidenced that DNA markers can discriminate between domestic and imported beef, contributing to the knowledge on cattle breeds' genetic diversity and relationships by using MS markers of the sex chromosome. These markers would be useful for inhibitory effect about false sales and for building an effective tracking system.