• International Journal of Contents
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

This study aims at investigating the linguistic and educational factors affecting TOEFL scores, focusing on three OECD countries, Korea, Japan, and Finland. The data comprise document analysis on curriculums, websites, and literature. The findings reveal that the number of Korean test-takers and their TOEFL scores gradually increased year by year. Finnish test-takers consistently gained greatly high scores, and Japanese examinees showed the lowest scores. The languages Korean, Japanese, and Finnish are all far distant from English and receive little support on historical grounds from the Indo-European family tree. In Finland, however, Swedish which belongs to Indo-European languages is still used as an official language with Finnish. Korea and Finland adopt English education from Year 3 in primary school, whereas English is not an official subject in primary school at present in Japan. Finnish students are taught a foreign language in addition to English from primary school. These seem to support the result of the high TOEFL scores of Finnish test-takers. This study concludes that social context which includes linguistic and educational environments are the main factors which affect TOEFL scores.

• School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.409-429
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• 2012

This paper reports the process two 11th grade students went through in reinventing derivatives on their own via a context problem involving the concept of velocity. In the reinvention process, one of the students conceived a tangent line as the limit of a secant line, and then the other student explained to a peer that the slope of a tangent line was the geometric mean of derivative. The students also used technology to concentrate on essential thinking to search for mathematical concepts and help visually understand them. The purpose of this study was to provide meaningful implications to school practices by describing students' process of reinvention of derivatives. This study revealed certain characteristics of the students' reinvention process of derivatives and changes in the students' thinking process.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.138-146
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• 2004

The museum has been developed and changed variety by a social change and extention of its concept and social role. At modem times, context is a important fact in museum architecture in the city. These mean that museum architecture is combined with rather the relationship its surroundings than completion its constructing. Recently, Many studies were continued on the assumption that the function and role of museum has been changed variety by a social change. But most of them were centered on changing choronogical typology of museum layouts and classifing morphology of museum. This study is to analyze harmony and connection about pinakothek der moderne with surounding conditions and to know how to design its spacial configuration. As a result of this study, firstly, it was confirmed that pinakothek der moderne came up with an idea which was design method about planning of modern museum in classic museums district. Seondly, it come under the modern museum but has classical spacial form and faculty. These mean that it is not only a solution about required functions but also a trial that is a significance for solving historical context and esteeming the classic space.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 2016

Autonomia movement that emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerist (operaismo) communism gives historical and discursive context to Manfredo Tafuri's famous criticism of ideology. His thesis on the death of architecture was a radical criticism of Keynesian intervention which was a strategy to cope with the Great Depression. For him, this capitalist development had taken away ideological prefiguration from architecture. At least Tafuri's this early intellectual phase was formed in the wake of magazine Contrapiano and Antonio Negri's influence. Tafuri almost entirely adapted Negri's thought on the importance of capitalist innovation that was uncovered by Keynes, Schumpeter, and Manheim and the periodization in modern history. When we read Tafuri's text with this concrete context, we can avoid being plunged into his abstruseness. On the other hand, 1980's Korea cannot understand Tafuri comprehensibly. 1980's situation to struggle to acquire democracy prescribed only one mode of reception of Tafuri's historiography in Korea. Tafuri's so-called pessimist view point could not satisfy student activists. They want to take intellectual means to sustain student movement and to secure political dynamics of protest. But at the same time they have anxiety to understand tafuri's thesis that they consider ad a critical theory for Korean Architecture. Double contexts of Tafuri's criticism of ideology bring to light to historicize both Tafuri's historiography itself and reception of his text in Korea.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-30
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• 2012

The status and functioning of Indian universities is explored in the Indian context from an NSI perspective. Whilst NSI is the main guiding post, the very social and economic context of Indian situation reflect the theoretical underpinning of this paper. The First part serves as a background to knowledge institutions and university sector in India. Basically, it identifies the main actors and agencies of India's NSI, namely, public research system comprising national laboratories, main science and technology agencies and councils and the university system. Given the focus of the paper on Indian universities in a macro historical perspective, the Second part is devoted to trace the growth and structure of university sector in terms of three phases, namely, 1940s to 1980; 1980 to 1990; and the era of liberalization after 1991. The Third part of the paper is devoted to knowledge production and knowledge diffusion. There are some important findings coming out of the quantitative data. It is argued that Indian production of doctorates is falling behind countries like China. Further, Indian universities are yet to achieve Humboltian goal. Finally, the paper has a concluding section which concerns with the current and future challenges facing Indian universities and their role in India's NIS.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.107-134
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• 2018

This paper is an art historical attempt to discuss the transfer and transmission of a certain visual idiom along the Silk Roads and to show the multi-dimensionality of the trans-regional, trans-cultural movement. The motifs of grapes and grapevines are discussed here for this purpose, including the grape-and-vine motif mixed with other animated figures and plants. A special emphasis is on China and its reception, but regional varieties within East Asia are also discussed. The motif is one of the most longstanding and versatile visual idioms, widely distributed along the regions of the Silk Roads. This deceptively familiar motif came to China, where grapes and viticulture were introduced far later than the West. The West developed various symbolisms ranging from manic revelry and heavenly unity with mystic beings, to royalty and power in different cultures. In China, this visual idiom was eagerly received in association with something exotic and re-interpreted in the context of Chinese culture. Without active viticulture, the motif transformed itself into beautiful design patterns and space fillers in China and East Asia. The natural appeal of jewel-like grapes acquired new meanings of fertility and happiness in the traditional East Asian cultural context. To see the cultural effect of viticulture on the visualization of this motif, the Islamic reception of the motif is briefly touched upon when countries to the West of China (서역 西域) were fully Islamized and heavily affected by the prohibition of alcoholic drinking.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.107-127
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• 2008

Critics are inclined to interpret J.M. Coetzee's novels in South African contexts, which Coetzee's own background seems to support. One has to bear in mind, however, that Coetzee tends to "see the South African situation as only one manifestation of a wider historical situation to do with colonialism, late colonialism, neo-colonialism." In other words, putting too much emphasis on South African contexts may diminish or undermine significance of Coetzee's multi-layered novels. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to highlight what Coetzee has to say about American colonialism/imperialism and to emphasize importance of "postcolonial rhetoric of simultaneity" which is repeatedly shown in his fictional works. It gives a meticulous attention to and analyzes "Vietnam Project," the first novella of Dusklands, Coetzee's very first novel, which depicts and characterizes "what Chomsky in the context of Vietnam [War] called 'the backroom boys.'" "The Narrative of Jacobus Coetzee," "When a Woman Grows Older," and Diary of a Bad Year are occasionally brought into discussion as well. This kind of study seems timely and pertinent especially when we take into account the rampant American imperialism which has devastated and almost traumatized the world.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.12spc
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• pp.521-525
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• 2021

An essential area is the creation of a single digital market between the EU and Ukraine through information technology. Purpose: to investigate and analyze civil law relations in the field of adaptation of Ukrainian civil law to civil law regulations of the EU. The object of research: Ukrainian civil law and civil law of the EU. The subject of the study is civil law in the context of adaptation of civil law to the legislation of the EU. The following methods of scientific cognition were used during the research: semantic, historical, comparison, analysis and synthesis, generalization. The results of the study show that the harmonization of the legal system of Ukraine with EU law is caused by several goals: successful integration of Ukraine into the EU, legal reforms based on the positive example of EU countries, promoting access of Ukrainian enterprises to the EU market; attracting foreign investment, increasing the welfare of Ukrainian citizens. The adaptation includes three stages, the final of which is the preparation of an expanded program of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU legislation. In the process of adaptation, it is important to take into account the legal history, tradition, features and mentality of Ukraine and before borrowing legal structures to analyze the feasibility of their application in the Ukrainian legal field.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.83-88
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• 2022

The main purpose of the study is to determine the key aspects of the public-private partnership system in the context of the economic development of the state. At first glance, the mutually exclusive interests of the state and business do not contribute to the development of common and agreed development goals. At the same time, ignoring the versatility of interests and the aggravation of the discussion regarding the two sides under consideration, the study of the theoretical foundations of the interaction between the public and private sectors of the economy allows us to draw the following conclusion: world economic theory from classical political economy to new institutionalism has a clear structured position on the ancient historical depth of existence of the form of partnerships Based on the results of the study, the main elements of the public-private partnership system in the context of the economic development of the state were identified.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.19-28
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• 2024

This study aims to find the conservation and regeneration plan in terms of preserving and utilizing old wooden houses, regenerating existing buildings, and developing idle land for old dwellings located outside the southern gate of Cheongju, Korea. In the preservation and utilization of old houses, three places in the block where wooden houses clustered are created as conservation houses, and are conversed as cafes, workspaces, and homestays along with the preservation of individual houses. In the regeneration of existing buildings, the street landscape was improved through extension and renovation, new construction after demolition, and exterior renovation for one or two-story buildings facing the roadside. In the development of idle land, it reflects the layout method and open yard space corresponding to the path and orientation of the old house, and the mass was varied and segmented to resolve the medium scale. Accordingly, considering the context, landscape, and environmental aspects of the historical downtown, the development of old dwellings in downtown should shift from a uniform high-rise apartment project-oriented approach to a gradual and continuous regeneration direction.