• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.495-503
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• 2016

In the present study, we investigated the plant growth characteristics and biological activity of four asparagus cultivars grown using two cultural methods and tested the possibility of domestic open field. The number of shoots, buds, roots, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and total dry weight of the four asparagus cultivars grown in a plastic house were higher than those of the same cultivars grown in an open field. Of the cultivars grown in the open field, Jersey Giant had greater shoot number than the other cultivars. In plastic house cultivation, the number of buds in Jersey Supreme was greater than the other cultivars. The total flavonoid content of the Jersey Giant was greater than the other cultivars, but cultural method was unaffected. The total polyphenol contents in asparagus cultivars grown in the plastic house were higher than those of cultivars grown in the open field. The total polyphenol content of the Jersey Giant grown the plastic house was significantly higher than those of other cultivars. Antioxidant activity such as catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) did not differ significantly with cultural methods and among the cultivars. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of asparagus cultivars grown in the open field was higher than that of cultivars grown in the greenhouse; the highest APX activity was detected in UC157. Thus, greenhouse cultivation is expected to improve plant growth characteristics and biological activities of asparagus cultivars; each cultural method should be considered when selecting a suitable cultivar for high yield and high bioactive compound content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number ($416.7per\;m^2$) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number $per\;m^2$. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2015

Relationship between grain quality-related traits and daily mean temperature/sunshine hours during grain filling stage was analyzed using eleven high quality rice varieties at 24 experimental sites through eight provinces of Korea in 2013~2014. In the data set pooled across varieties, experimental sites and years, grain quality-related traits such as percentage of head rice (PHR), head rice yield (HRY), protein in milled rice (PRO) and Toyo Mido Meter glossiness value (TGV) were higher at the temperature lower than $22.6^{\circ}C$ for 40 days after flowering (DAF), which was optimum for percentage of grain filling in this study. Optimum sunshine hours for 40 DAF were $6.0{\sim}6.1\;hr\;d^{-1}$when considered PHR, HRY and TGV. PRO was associated with daily mean temperature and sunshine hours for 40 DAF in more varieties than the other traits. PRO was closely correlated with daily mean temperature during early filling stage and sunshine hours during early to mid filling stage, compared to other stages during grain filling. It is concluded that general trend in the variation of grain quality-related traits could be explained by the changes in daily mean temperature and sunshine hours during grain filling. In addition, climate conditions during early grain filling stage played important roles to enhance grain quality.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.354-362
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop a suitable nutrient solution for standard rose substrate culture in a closed hydroponic system. 1/4, 1/2, 2/3 and 1 strength of the nutrient solution made by Japan National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (JNIVT) were supplied. The photosynthesis rate, quality and growth of cut flower were higher in the 1/2 and 2/3 strength of nutrient solution during high and low temperature period. Based on the above results, optimum nutrient solutions (UOS) were composed by nutrientwater (n/w) absorption ratio with 1/2S ($NO_{3^-}N$ 6.8, $NH_{4^-}N$ 0.7, $PO_{4^-}P$ 2.0, K 3.8, Ca 3.0, Mg 1.2, $SO_{4^-}S$ $1.2me{\cdot}L^{-1}$) at high temperature season and 2/3($NO_{3^-}N$ 9.7, $NH_{4^-}N$ 0.8, $PO_{4^-}P$ 2.2, K 5.0, Ca 3.9, Mg 1.5, $SO_{4^-}S$ $1.5me{\cdot}L^{-1}$) at low temperature season. The results of suitability examination showed that the EC level in newly composed nutrient solution (UOS) was more stable than other nutrient solutions due to its large amount of calcium and potassium. The growth of cut flower cultivated with UOS was higher than those of other nutrient solutions. Especially, the yield of cut flowers in UOS nutrient solution increased 1.4 times than that of other nutrient solution treatments. Consequently, the new nutrient solution investigated in this experiment was suitable for rose cultivation in a closed hydroponic system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.139-144
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• 1969

1. In order to obtain useful mutants such as early maturity, resistance to lodging, high protein and oil content, and capability of high yield, dormant seeds of two soybean varieties, Jang Dan Baik Mok and Clark, were treated with ${\gamma}$-ray, Ethyl Methane Sulfonate(EMS), Ethylene Imine(EI)and combinations of ${\gamma}$-ray and EMS or EI. 2. The germination rate and survival rate in a variety Jang Dan Baik Mok were significantly decreased with ${\gamma}$-ray treatment while it was not the same in the Clark variety. A significant decrease for seedling height measured at 14 and 21 days after sowing was found with the increase of ${\gamma}$-ray dose in both varieties. 3. Germination rates in both varieties were significantly decreased as EI concentration increases, particularly severe damage in germination was observed at 0.008 Mo. concentration. Germination rate damages were found with EMS concentration increases in the variety Jang Dan Baik Mok while no regular responses in seedling height were observed in the variety Clark. 4. Germination rate was significantly lowered with the combined treatment of EMS and ${\gamma}$-ray 24KR than that of EMS alone. In the treatments of ${\gamma}$-ray with three levels of EI concentration, the combined treatments except 24KR+EI 0.002 Mol. resulted in better germination than of EI alone. In both varieties, significant reduction in seedling height was observed in the combined treatments of ${\gamma}$-ray with various concentrations of EMS, whereas stimulation effect on seedling height was found with treatment of ${\gamma}$-ray EI +0.08Mol. 5. Germination rate, survival rate, and plant height as criteria of radio sensitivity, variety Jang Dan Baik Mok is moze sensitive to ${\gamma}$-ray, EMS, and EI than the variety Clark, and the varietal difference in responsibility to mutagen may be due to the genetic-constitution of the varieties.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 1988

An experimental study on seedling production and wintering to develop pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata culture in Korea was carried out. from December 1986 to November 1988 in waters of Kori and of Seogwipo as wintering and of Eogu as culturing grounds. All pearl oysters as the sample were imported from Japan. The highest water temperature at Eogu was $23.6^{\circ}C$ in August and the lowest at Kori and Seogwipo were $13.2^{\circ}C$ and $14.0^{\circ}C$c in February, respectively, Phytoplankton was relatively plentiful but mortality of pearl oysters was $20.5\%$, which was twice at Seogwipo, due to high amount of suspended muds. It shows that Seogwipo is better wintering ground even though the amount of phytoplankton is lower than Kori. Average rates of pearl production after 6-months and 15-months period were $58.2\%$ and $48.3\%$ respecitively. Thickness of pearl layer and coating rate were also satisfactory. More than half of the pearls produced was so-called the pink-pearl, the best colour. About $10\%$ of them was the best quality. There were three peaks of D-shape larvae from July to September and it took about one month for D-shape larvae to become seed-shells. Settling was satisfactory and most of them settled at 1$\~$3 m layer and the best was 2 m-layer. Success of settling was supposed due to high water temperature and low precipitation than the normal year.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2013

The physiological properties of water extracts from Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) leaves (JAL) with different extraction processes (stirrer extraction, SE; reflux extraction, RE; autoclave extraction, AE; low temperature high pressure extraction, LTPE) were investigated. The freeze-dried powder yields of SE, RE, AE, and LTPE were 22.33%, 29.88%, 31.65, and 15.74%, respectively. AE showed the highest value of extract yield. The $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were higher in AE compared to other extracts. Total polyphenolics and flavonoids contents in AE was significantly higher than in other extracts. The amount of proanthocyanidin related substances were highest in LTPE (29.36 mg/g), followed by RE (21.57 mg/g), SE (20.35 mg/g), and AE (13.02 mg/g). The electron donating abilities of SE, RE, AE, and LTPE at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$ (w/v) were 76.16%, 39.55%, 25.50%, and 12.59%, respectively. Reducing power for the four different processes was 1.79, 1.60, 1.51, and 1.17, respectively. Additionally the same tendency was observed with electron donating ability and reducing power for ABTS radical and nitrite scavenging abilities. AE and LTPE showed relatively high antioxidant activities. Alpha-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of LTPE at a concentration of $500{\mu}g/mL$ (w/v) were somewhat higher than other extracts. Additionally, there was significantly higher or little lower inhibitory activity compared to the control group. In conclusion, we provided experimental evidence that extracts of JAL have potential as functional materials, and component analysis of JAL could be used as new cosmeceuticals. Also, LTPE is the superior method for the enhancement of biological activity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 1985

A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of potassium and cesium carrier on the uptake of radionuclide $Cs^{137}$ which is an element released usually from nuclear facilities, by paddy rice upon prolonged cropping of contaminated soils. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Visual toxic symptoms on the growth of rice plant due to treatment of radioactive cesium were not observed up to $20 {\mu}Ci/10Kg$ soil in a pot. 2) The yield and potassium content in rice plant were increased with potassium application, while the reverse was true for the calcium and magnesium. The addition of potassium to the soil markedly reduced $Cs^{137}$ uptake by rice plant but the addition of Cs carrier increased $Cs^{137}$ uptake. 3) Potassium and $Cs^{137}$ showed uniform distribution in all parts of plant and the contents of these two elements were high in the stems and leaves, and low in the heads. The ratio of $Cs^{137}$ to K was, however, not uniform in all parts of a plant. It was shown that this ratio was higher in the seed part, that is, chaff and hulled grain than in the leaves and stems. 4) $Cs^{137}$ absorption rate in rice plant was remarkably reduced with increase of potassium application and it was ranged from $0.02{\sim}0.47%$ in potassium non-treated plot to 0.01∼0.04% in plot treated with a concentration of 16Kg/10a. 5) The amount of $Cs^{137}$ and potassium uptake of rice plant depended on soil type. Uptake of $Cs^{137}$ by rice plant was higher in the soil with low pH and potassium content. The $Cs^{137}$ uptake by rice plant decreased as the potassium content and pH of soil was increased, but $Cs^{137}$ uptake increased when CEC and clay content in soil was high.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.387-403
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• 2020

This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant in pepper. As human beings enter the age of 100, they are naturally recognized as a standard of high quality agricultural products for safety and improvement of functional materials. Tomatoes are among the most consumed vegetables in the world and there is a growing interest in varieties with high functional content. However, there is a limit to the improvement of functional materials of certain varieties, so it is necessary to study the improvement of materials by cultivation physiology and environmental conditions. The test material was sown on March 15th in Wanju province and on June 15th in rain shelter house using pepper "suppermanidda" varieties. To investigate the optimum concentration of organic liquids for the improvement of antioxidant, 15 kinds of treatments were carried out including control, tomato liquid fertilizer etc. The liquid fertilizer of organic material was treated with 6 times of irrigation, and the analysis of nutrients and antioxidant was done by harvesting pepper on the September 10th. The contents of beta-carotene was increased in the T3, T4, T12 treatments, vitamin C was in the P14 treatments, flavonoid, polyphenol were in the P12 treatment compared to the control. In T12 treatment, flavonoid increased by 115.9%, polyphenol by 121.7%, beta-carotene by 117.2% and vitamin C by 136.1% compared to the control. There was no significant difference in the growth characteristics and characteristics of pepper fruit of pepper according to liquid fertilizer treatment. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the organic antioxidant is affected by the liquid fertilizer treatments of organic materials and it is necessary to study the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture and photosynthesis.