• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권19호
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• pp.8287-8293
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• 2014

Background: This study assessed human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer, and HPV vaccine knowledge and awareness among women in two sub-populations in Nepal - Khokana, a traditional Newari village in the Lalitpur District about eight kilometers south of Kathmandu, and Sanphebagar, a village development committee within Achham District in rural Far-Western Nepal. Methods: Study participants were recruited during health camps conducted by Nepal Fertility Care Center, a Nepali non-governmental organization. Experienced staff administered a Nepali language survey instrument that included questions on socio-demographics, reproductive health and knowledge on HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine. Results: Of the 749 participants, 387 (51.7%) were from Khokana and 362 (48.3%) were from Sanphebagar. Overall, 53.3% (n=372) of women were aware of cervical cancer with a significant difference between Khokana and Sanphebagar (63.3% vs 43.0%; p=0.001). Overall, 15.4% (n=107) of women had heard of HPV and 32% (n=34) of these women reported having heard of the HPV vaccine. If freely available, 77.5% of the women reported willingness to have their children vaccinated against HPV. Factors associated with cervical cancer awareness included knowledge of HPV (Khokana: Odds Ratio (OR)=24.5; (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3.1-190.2, Sanphebagar: OR=14.8; 95% CI: 3.7-58.4)) and sexually transmitted infections (Khokana: OR=6.18; 95% CI: 3.1-12.4; Sanphebagar: OR=17.0; 95% CI: 7.3-39.7) among other risk factors. Conclusions: Knowledge and awareness of HPV, cervical cancer, and the HPV vaccine remains low among women in Khokana and Sanphebagar. Acceptance of a freely available HPV vaccine for children was high, indicating potentially high uptake rates in these communities.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2005

The risk assessment is the qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and the environment by the actual or potential presence or release of hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is assessed by the environmental criteria, and risk assessment is assessed by the risk rate. Risk rate based on dose-response values may not be easy to apply on regulatory basis like EIA for uncertainty. Internationally there is an example of OECD program. Risk assessment of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals has started since the OECD Program with the 1990 Council Act on the Co-operative Investigation and Risk Reduction of Existing Chemicals. These HPV chemicals include all chemicals produced or imported at levels greater than 1,000 tonnes per year in at least one Member country or in the European Union region. The SIDS called the Screening Information Data Set is regarded as the minimum information needed to assess an HPV chemical to determine whether any further work should be carried out or not. All the data elements of SIDS including assessment for environment and health are prepared as three formats of the full SIDS Dossier, the SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR), and the SIDS Initial Assessment Profile (SIAP) of an HPV chemical. In 1998 the global chemical industry through the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) has joined to work with OECD. The OECD has assessed approximately 1,000 chemicals from 1991 through 2004 with ICCA. Till the February of 2005, 592 chemicals of those chemicals completed SIDS reports. Member countries have been targeted the goal of 1,000 new chemicals from 2005 to 2010 and Korea shared 36 chemicals from the 1,000 new chemicals. Currently Korea has completed SIDS reports of 7 chemicals among sponsored 24 chemicals. In conclusion SIDS project will be linked to national program for outputs application with more reliable production. Both the OECD and industry will carry out their commitment to complete assessments for more and the remaining chemicals assessment. The major outputs will contribute to cope with international chemical management.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6109-6113
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• 2012

Background: Oral cancer has become one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and human Papillomavirus is one of the risk factors for developing oral cancer. For this study HPV18 was chosen as it is one of the high risk HPV types and may lead to carcinogenesis. However, prevalence of HPV18 infection in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Malaysia remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the viral load of HPV18 DNA in OSCC and potentially malignant lesions using saliva samples. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNAs of thirty saliva samples of normal subjects and thirty saliva samples compromised of 16 samples from potentially malignant lesions and 14 of OSCC patients were amplified for HPV18 DNA using a nested polymerase chain reaction analysis. All PCR products were then analyzed using the Bioanalyzer to confirm presence of HPV18 DNA. Result: From thirty patients examined, only one of 30 (3.3%) cases was found to be positive for HPV18 in this study. Conclusion: The finding of this study revealed that there is a low viral detection of HPV18 in Malaysian OSCC by using saliva samples, suggesting that prevalence of HPV18 may not be important in this group of Malaysian OSCC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1519-1523
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• 2015

Infection of the uterine cervix by human papilloma viruses (HPV) may be associated with cervical pre-cancer and invasive cervical carcinoma if left untreated. With advance in molecular techniques, it has become easier to detect the resence of HPV DNA long before the appearance of any lesion. This study concerned cervical scrape samples of 310 married non-pregnant women attending a gynecology outpatient department for both Pap and PCR testing to detect HPV DNA. Nested PCR using primers for L1 consensus gene with My9/My11 and GP6+/GP5+followed by multiplex PCR were carried out to detect HPV 16 and HPV18. Result: HPV prevalence was 11.9% out of which 3.67% cases of negative for intra-epithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM) and in 71.1% (27/38) of atypical cervical smears were HPV positive. There was increasing trend of high-risk-HPV positivity (HR HPV 16 and 18), from 20% in benign cytology (NILM) to 42.9 % in LSIL, 71.41% in HSIL and 100% in SCC. There was highly significant association of HPV infection with cervical lesion ($x^2=144.0$, p<0.01) and also with type specific HPV prevalence ($x^2=7.761^*$, p<0.05).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7333-7336
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• 2014

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been implicated as a causative of cervical cancer. In the present study, a total of 578 samples from females attending the gynecological outpatient clinic in Henan province, China, were collected and the HPV genotypes were detected by gene chip and flow-through hybridization. Overall, 44.5% (257/578) females were found to be HPV DNA positive, and the high risk HPV (HR-HPV) rate was 35.1% (203/578). The first peak of HR-HPV infection appeared in the >60 year-old group (55.0%), and the second was within the 51-55 year-old group (50.0%) (${\chi}^2$=19.497, p<0.05). HPV 16 was the most prevalent genotype (9.2%), followed by HPV 52 (7.8%), HPV 6 (6.9%), HPV 11 (5.9%) and HPV 42 (5.0%). The single type HPV infection was 30.4%, with the five majority prevalent genotype HPV 16 (16.5%), HPV 52 (14.3%), HPV 6 (12.6%), HPV 42 (8.6%), HPV 31 (5.1%). The multiple-type HPV infections were 14.0%, and HPV 16 was the most prevalent type (29.6%), followed by HPV 52 (24.7%), HPV 6 (22.2%), HPV 11 (22.2%), HPV 42 (17.3%) and HPV 39 (17.3%).

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2016

인간 유두종 바이러스(HPV)에 의한 감염은 자궁경부암의 원인이다. HPV DNA의 세포 검사에서의 변화는 향후 더 도전적으로 발전을 기대한다, HPV 유전자형의 감염에 대한 새로운 HPV의 DNA(22종) chip 검사는 최근 한국에서 많이 개발되었다. 이 연구의 목적은 서울 지역에서 HPV 감염의 빈도와 유전자형 분포를 알아보고자 하였다. 지난 2015년 한 해 동안 서울지역 종합병원 내원객을 대상으로 총 5,614 검체의 검사에서 HPV 유전자형은 1,596 (28.4%)에서 검출되었다, 이중 한 종류의 유전자형은 가진 검체(n=831) 중고위험 HPV는 679 (42.5%), 저위험 HPV는 152 (9.5%)로 나타났다. 이중 자주 발견 유전자형은 HPV-16 (16.5%), 58 (15.2%), 52(8.8%), 51 (7.1%), 56 (5.9%) 순이었다. 혼합 유전자형(n=219) 중 2종(n=176, 11.0%), 3종(n=37, 5.9%), 4종(n=2, 0.1%)이 나타났다 이에 본 연구는 종합 병원 방문자의 HPV 감염을 조사하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 HPV 전국적으로 분포 및 백신의 도입을 안내하는 데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되며 진료에 중요한 정보를 제공하며 역학적 추가 연구가 요구된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.3843-3847
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• 2015

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer related death of women. Persistent HPV infection, especially with high-risk types such as HPV16 and HPV18, has been identified to be the primary cause of cervical cancer. E6 and E7 are the major oncoproteins of high-risk HPVs, which are expressed exclusively in HPV infected tissues, and thereby represent ideal therapeutic targets for immunotherapy of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: In this work, we used recombinant adenovirus expressing coden-optimized HPV16 E6 and E7 fusion protein (Ad-ofE6E7) to prime dendritic cells (DC-ofE6E7), to investigate the ability of primed DC vaccine in eliciting antitumor immunity in vitro and vivo. Results: Our results indicated that DC-ofE6E7 vaccine co-culturing with splenocytes could strongly induce a tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and kill the TC-1 cells effectively in vitro. Moreover, DC-ofE6E7 vaccine induced protective immunity against the challenge of TC-1 cancer cells in vivo. Conclusions: The results suggested that the HPV16 ofE6E7 primed DC vaccine has potential application for cervical cancer immunotherapy.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.144-151
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• 2023

A Pap smear is the most important screening test for the diagnosis of cervical cancer. However, subjective judgment by the operator cannot be excluded, and replicability may greatly be reduced if uncertain specimens are examined. Examiners often experience difficulties in differentiating atrophy with inflammatory changes and ASCUS when diagnosing squamous epithelial lesions from a pap smear. Reports often vary between cytologists and pathologists, and misdiagnosis may result in delayed follow-ups and advanced diseases. Hence, auxiliary examinations are necessary when confusing results between atrophy and ASCUS are obtained. The importance of p16^INK4a activation due to HPV infection, which is an important factor in the outbreak of cervical cancer, has been highlighted. Recent studies have reported that p16^INK4a immunocytochemical staining and HPV high-risk type tests using liquid-based cervical specimens are effective to detect the presence of lesions of grade HSIL or higher in patients with ASC-H. However, no research exists on the utility of HPV and p16^INK4a tests on the differential diagnosis of atrophy and ASCUS. This study focused on whether p16^INK4a immunocytochemical staining and HPV tests can help diagnose borderline lesions between atrophy and ASCUS. The results reported that p16^INK4a activation can significantly (P<0.001) differentiate atrophy from ASCUS in atrophic lesions infected with High risk-HPV. Therefore, it may be concluded that p16^INK4a immunocytochemical staining is an effective auxiliary test in lesions infected with HR-HPV when atrophic lesions are difficult to differentiate by morphology. Such results are expected to help decide on adequate follow-up and treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권13호
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• pp.5525-5529
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• 2015

Background: Currently it is believed that human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with the development of some oral/oropharyngeal cancers. It has been suggested that these viruses influence carcinogenesis in both smokers and non-smokers. Data on the prevalence of HPV in healthy adults are thus needed to estimate the risk of oral/oropharyngeal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral HPV in healthy female adults in Indonesia and Thailand. Materials and Methods: Healthy female students from the Faculties of Dentistry of Universitas Indonesia and Chiang Mai University were asked to participate in this pilot study. DNA was extracted from saliva specimens and screened for HPV16 and HPV18 using PCR. Results: The age, marital status and sexual experience of the subjects between the two countries were not significantly different. Eight (4%) and 4 (2%) samples were positive for HPV16 and HPV18, respectively. Fisher's Exact test found a significant difference between HPV16 positivity in subjects who were married and had sexual intercourse but not for HPV18. Conclusions: This study successfully detected presence of HPV16 and HPV18 DNA in a number of saliva samples from female dental school students. Marital status, experience of sexual intercourse and safe sexual practice are related to the possibility of finding HPV DNA finding in saliva. Dentists, physicians and other health care professionals may gain significant value from the findings of this study, which provide an understanding of the nature of HPV infection and its risk to patient health and disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.5119-5124
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• 2015

Background: HPV vaccination in Singapore is voluntary and physician prescription-based. This study investigated the current status and intention for HPV vaccination among Singapore nurses. Materials and Methods: All female nurses in a general hospital were given an anonymous questionnaire on HPV vaccination experience and intention of vaccinating their daughters. The influence of age, knowledge and perceived-risk of cervical cancer, and cultural background on mother's intention of vaccinating their daughters was analyzed. Results: Of 2,000 nurses, 1,622 (81.1%) responded and analysis was performed on 1,611 with valid data. They showed good awareness on association of cervical cancer with multiple sexual partners (81.9%), history of sexually transmissible diseases (78.2%), and history of genital warts/HPV infection (73.5%), and on cervical cancer preventive effects of HPV vaccination (54.6%). The prevailing misconceptions of the vaccines were: investigational nature (38.9%), side effects (27.9%) and indicated for women at high risk for cervical cancer (20.5%). Conclusions: Misconceptions on the nature, role and safety of HPV vaccines low vaccine up-take rates and daughters. Dissemination of adequate and accurate HPV vaccine information and a review for school-based vaccination are needed for optimal delivery of HPV vaccines in Singapore.