• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.105-131
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• 2005

This study intended to understand how the use of social welfare services and the satisfaction from the use affect poor children's psychosocial adjustment. Especially, it focused to find out whether the use of satisfied services has an independent effect on poor children's psychosocial adjustment when other relevant variables are controlled. Participants are 904 poor children from 16 nationwide cities/provinces who receive financial sponsorship from Korea Welfare Foundation in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Among them, 8.2% is from youth-headed homes, 22.7% is from grandparent-care homes, 8.2% is from relative foster homes, 1.8% is from non-relative foster homes and 59.1% is from other poor families. The results of this study are as follows: 1) According to MANOVA, poor children who received 2 or more satisfied social welfare services are significantly different from those who received 1 or no service in their combined psychosocial adjustment subcategories. Delinquency among the subcategories is the most influencing variable in combined differences. 2) Controlling sex, age, family structure and other variables that are considered to be related to delinquency in previous research, the use of satisfied services is still the significant variable in decreasing delinquency among poor children. 3) Interaction effect between the use of satisfied services and parental supervision was statistically significant. Under the low level of parental supervision, the use of satisfied services has a significant effect on the decrease of delinquency. However, under the high level of parental supervision, the use of satisfied services has little effects. From these results, we found out that the use of satisfied social welfare services is a very significant factor influencing to prevent or decrease delinquency among poor children. Also we found out that it is critically important for poor children who receive the low level of parental supervision to have good-quality social welfare services in order to prevent delinquency.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.29-62
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• 2006

The early development of an infant is crucial due to the enormous impact it has throughout an infant's life. Therefore, it is important to understand the development process of an infant and provide a high-quality educational environment so that an infant can progress at an innate pace to learn how to exercise, understand, speak, socialize, and empathize as well as having a balanced growth. When educating an infant, joy is a substantial factor in the formation of trust and development of relationship that makes education efficient. Music can be an effective means to offer a fun atmosphere vto the infant in which it stimulates active participation of the infant and development of a variety of dimensions to the infant's development. Also, the purpose of music therapy education is utilizes to plan for the different age groups' level of understanding of music and allow the infant to have a positive experience and develop properly. The purposes of this study are as following: to examine characteristics according to an infant' developmental steps thoroughly, to suggest interventions using music therapy education to stimulate development of an infant, to prove that infants age 3 to 6 obtain the necessary ability and skill through the effective educational therapy through music, and finally to create a music program for educating infants or music therapy. This study has examined theories of the music approach targeting infants age 3 to 6 and made character observations of infant' Motor, Cognition, Communication, Socialization, and Emotions. With the basis of the above theory, the different levels of development has been divided, specific goals has been set up according to the levels, and various music therapy education for infants have been created. The music therapy education activity has been approved by five professionals who are renown in their specific field. They made comments that the development levels were properly divided in the paper. They also commented that the music program is adequate for achieving the goal of each developmental level and it stimulates the different levels of an infant's development. In conclusion, the study reflects that the approach of music therapy education stimulates the different levels of infant development. Music therapists can utilize this music program to help handicapped children identify characteristics of progress and develop at their own ability.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2003

To investigate the consumer awareness and clothing purchase behavior of adolescents, questionnaire was administered to 639 middle and high school students in Daegu. The results were as follows. 1. The consumer awareness of adolescents was analyzed to 4 factors. consciousness of right. consumer information, brand-orientedness and responsibility. Respondents were clustered into three groups : utility-oriented group, brand-oriented group, and consumerism-oriented group. 2. Respondents bought their clothes at specialty stores primarily. They used ´products´, ´family's or friends advices´, and ´purchase experiences´ as information sources. The important criteria for selecting clothes were ´design´, ´price´, and ´suitability´ for oneself. Dissatisfactions after purchasing clothes were with ´price´, ´service´, ´sewing´, and ´size´. The complaining behaviors which respondents did mainly were ´telling friends about dissatisfaction with their purchased clothes´, ´asking for change dissatisfying products or asking for refund´ and ´asking for mending´. 3. Information sources were categorized into 3 factors: ´neutral information source´, ´personal information source´ and ´commercial information source´. Criteria for selecting clothes were factor-analyzed into ´harmony´, ´fashion´ and ´management of clothes´. ´The factors of dissatisfactions with purchased clothes were ´appearance´, ´quality´ and ´service´. 4. The differences by the consumer awareness in clothing purchase behaviors among consumer groups : In information sources. criteria for selecting clothes, complaining behaviors. purchasing places. three consumer groups were different significantly.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.277-291
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• 2012

To compare satisfaction with school meals provided by two different types of school meal services, a survey was conducted with 252 high school students (male: 138, female: 114) consisting of 133 students offered by on-site school meal service and 114 ones by transporting school meal service in Daegu. Anthropometric measurements of the study subjects showed that 68.1% of male and 41.2% of female students had normal weight while 50.0% of female and 10.1% of male students were underweight on the basis of BMIs. 'Taste' was the most important factor when eating meals followed by 'nutrition', 'hygiene' and 'preference by the students'. (of the both schools). Eating habits of the subjects were influenced mostly by family. Female students (17.5%) skipped breakfast more frequently than the male students (8.0%). The students (68.4%) offered by on-site school meal service were more satisfied with meals than those (9.2%) by transporting school meal service. Top reason for not being satisfied was 'taste' in both schools but the second reason (36.3% of the subjects) was 'quantity of food' only in the school with transporting school meal service. In satisfaction with menu, temperature, quantity and hygienic condition of foods, higher dissatisfaction was shown in the students offered by transporting school meal service. Items needed for improvement in school meals suggested by the students were 'taste of food' (25.6% vs 62.2%), 'diversity of menu items' (21.1% vs 8.4%), 'hygienic conditions' (17.3% vs 8.4%), 'quantity of food' (10.5% vs 17.6%) and 'balanced nutrition' (8.4% vs 1.7%) for on-site service and transporting one. It is concluded from these results that transporting meal service for school meals has to be changed from the present condition to improve the quality of meals and that managing and supporting programs should be developed by public institutions such as office of education.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop a plan for emotional labor of clinical dental hygienists by understanding the factors affecting their emotional labor. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 293 dental hygienists who worked in dental hospitals and clinics located in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do from June to September in 2013. The questionnaire items used in this study consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 2 items of characteristics related to turnover, and 9 items of emotional labor. t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSS Statistics ver. 17.0 for Windows program for data analysis. The average level of the study subjects was $69.85{\pm}12.82$. With regard to the emotional labor according to the general characteristics, the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.037) showed significant differences in the marital status. The workplace showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.002), emotional dissonance (p<0.032), and total (p<0.001). The turnover intentions showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.001), emotional dissonance (p<0.001), and total (p<0.001). As a factor affecting emotional labor, turnover intention (p<0.001) and workplace (p<0.001) had an effect on emotional labor. The results showed that turnover intention and workplace were associated with the emotional labor of dental hygienists. There is a need to develop an emotional education program to make it possible to effectively manage emotional labor of dental hygienists for providing high-quality medical services of dental institutions.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.82-95
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• 1980

This paper complies the results of the studies so far made on the subsoil improvement of subsurface drainage systems for wet paddy fields (those were located in the Gum-Ho area in Kyung Buk province) which had poor permeability and a high water table. In general, a drainage problem is an excess of water on the ground surface which can effect the productivity and bearing capacity of the soil. With drain pipe systems, (According to their depths and spacing) it may be possible to correct that problem. The experimentation consisted of three test plots, two of which included drain pipe systems with varing depths and width spacing of the pipes. The third plot (C) was an ordinary plot being exempt of a drain pipe system. In detail, the depth of plot A was 80 cm, and the width spacings began at 2. Om and increased by 2. Om up to 10. 0m. The depth of plot B was 60cm and the width spacing was the same as plot A. These tests were performed to research specific details; such as crop yeild, bearing capacity of the soil, the amount of underdrainage, surface cracks, root distribution, the water table level, the consumptive water depth and the soil moisture content. The test period lasted three years, from 1977 thru 1979. The results obtained were as follows: 1. During the test period, the weather conditions for the area tested were in accordance with the annual average for that area. Furthermore the precipitation factor during the spring cultivation season, the intermediate drainage period and the harvest drainage period was of optimum conditions for controling surface cracks, because of less precipitation than evaporation. 2. The difference in the level of the ground water table in plots A and B was hardly noticable, but the difference in the test plots and the ord. plot was greatly noticable. The test plots (A, B) were 30 to 40cm lower than the ordinary plot. On the whole, the ground water table of the ord. plot always stayed at a level of 15-20cm beneath the surface of the soil, the ground water table of the test plot A showed The difference in the depth of the pipe lower than the test plot B, while the test plots showed a remarkable descending effect. 3. The soil temperature in plot A was slightly core than in plot B with a difference of 0. 47$^{\circ}$C, but plot A was 1. 6$^{\circ}$C higher than the ord. plot during the flooding period, but after drainage the temperature difference climed to 2. 0$^{\circ}$C. 4. During the 3rd test year, the values of the cracks were recorded with the values of 59cm in plot A, 42cm in plot B and 15cm in the ordinary plot. Plots A and B had increased 2.5 times the value of the first year while the ordinary plot had remained the same. 5. The root weight of the rice was measured at a value of 77.2 gr. for plot A, 73.5 gr. for plot B and 65.3 gr. for the ord. plot. Therefore, the root growths in plots A and B were much more energetic than in the ord. plot. 6. The consumptive water depth measured during the 3rd year resulted in the values of 26. 0mm per day for plot A, and 24.9 mm per day for plot B, respectively. Therefore, both plot A and plot B maintained the optimum consumptive water depths, but the ordinary plot only obtained the value of 12.3 mm per day, which clearly showed less than the optimum consumptive water depth which is 20 to 30 mm/day. 7. The soil moisture content is in direct relationship to the ground water level. During drainage, test plot A decreased in its ground water level much more rapidly than the other two plots. Therefore, plot A had a much less soil moisture content. But this decreased water level could be directly effected by the weather conditions. 8. The relationship between the bearing capacity and the soil moisture content were directly inversely proportional. It can be assumed that the occurence of soil creaks is limited by the soil moisture content. Therefore, the greater the progress of the surface creaks resulted in a greater bearing capacity. So, tast plot A with a greater amount of surface cracks than the other test plots resulted in a greater bearing capacity. But, the bearing capacity at the harvest season could be effected by the drainage during the intermediate drainage period and by the weather conditions. 9. Comparing the production of the test plots to the ord. plot; there was an increased value of 840kg for plot A, 755kg for plot B and 695kg for the ord. plot in the rough rice. Therefore, plot A had an increase of 20% over the ordinary plot. The possibility of producing double crops was investigated. The effects on barley production in the test plots showed a value of 367kg per 10 acres, which substantiated the possibility of double crops because that value showed an increased value over the average yearly yield for those uplands. 10. So as a result, it can be recommended that by including a drain pipe system with the optimum conditions of an (80cm centimeter) depth and a (l0m) spacing will have a definite positive effect on the over all production capacity and quality of wetpaddy fields.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 1999

There have been many reports to date regarding the role of GnRH as a local regulatory factor of ovarian function as studies of human and rat ovaries revealed GnRH and its receptor. In recent studies it has been shown that GnRH directly causes apoptosis in the granulosa cells of the rat ovary, and such results leads to the suggestion that the use of GnRH agonist for more stable long term ovarian hyperstimulation in human IVF-ET programs causes granulosa cell apoptosis which may lead to follicular atresia. Therefore this study attempts to determine if granulosa-luteal cell apoptosis occurs in patients during IVF-ET programs in which GnRH agonist is employed for ovarian hyperstimulation. The quality of oocyte-cumulus complexes obtained during ovum pickup procedures were assessed morphologically and then the fertilization rate and developmental rate was determined. Apoptotic cells among the granulosa-luteal cells obtained during the same procedure were observed after staining with Hematoxylin-eosin. The fragmentation degree of DNA extracted from granulosa-luteal cells was determined and comparatively analyzed. There was no difference in the average age of the patients, the number of oocytes retrieved, and fertilization and developmental rates between the FSH/hMG group and GnRH-long group. There was also no difference in the apoptosis rate and pyknosis rate in the granulosa-luteal cells between the two groups. However, when the oocyte-cumulus complexes were morphoogically divided into the healthy group and atretic group without regard for the method of hyperstimulation, the results showed that the number of oocytes obtained averaged $11.09{\pm}8.75\;and\;10.33{\pm}4.53$ per cycle, respectively, showing no significant difference, but the fertilization rate (77.05%, 56.99%, respectively, p<0.01) and developmental rate (65.96%, 41.51%, respectively, p<0.01) was significantly increased in the healthy group when compared to the atretic group. The degree of apoptosis in the granulosa-luteal cells showed that in the healthy group it was 2.25% which was not significantly different from the atretic group (2.77%), but the pyknosis rate in the atretic group (27.81%) was significantly higher compared to the healthy group (11.35%, p<0.01). The quantity of DNA fragmentation in the FSH/hMG group was 32.22%, while in the GnRH-long group it was 34.27%, showing no significant difference. On the other hand the degree of DNA fragmentation was 39.05% and 11.83% in the healthy group and atretic group, respectively, showing significantly higher increase in the atretic group (p<0.01). The above results suggest that death of granulosa-luteal cells according to the state of the oocyte-cumulus complex is more related to pyknosis rather than apoptosis. Also, the GnRH agonist used in ovarian hyperstimulation does not seem to directly affect the apoptosis of retrieved oocytes and granulosa-luteal cells, and which is thought to be due to the suppression of the apoptogenic effect of GnRH agonist as a result of the high doses of FSH administered.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.78-82
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• 2012

Soybean [$Glycine$ $max$ (L.) Merr.] protein is a high quality source for food and feed. But, antinutritional factors in the raw mature soybean are exist. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein is a main antinutritional factor in soybean seed. Also, P34 protein, referred as $Gly$ $m$ Bd 30K, has been identified as a predominant immunodominant allergen. Genetic relationship between KTI protein and P34 protein could be useful in soybean breeding program for the genetic elimination or reduction of these factors. The objective of this study was to determine the independent inheritance or linkage between KTI protein and P34 protein in soybean seed. A total of 479 $F_2$ seeds were obtained from the cross of 07B1 and PI567476 parents. KTI protein and relative amount of P34 protein were analysed from $F_2$ seeds harvested from the F1 plants by using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. The segregation ratios of 3 : 1 for KTI protein (353 KTI protein present : 126 KTI protein absent) and relative amount of P34 protein (363 normal amount of P34 protein : 116 low amount of P34 protein). The segregation ratio of 3 : 1 suggested that KTI protein and relative amount of P34 protein in mature soybean seed were controlled by a single major gene. The segregation ratios of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (266 KTI protein present, normal amount of P34 protein: 88 KTI protein present, low amount of P34 protein: 102 KTI protein absent, normal amount of P34 protein: 23 KTI protein absent, low amount of P34 protein) and Chi-square value (${\chi}^2$=3.31, P=0.346) were observed in $F_2$ seeds. This data showed that KTI protein was inherited independently with relative amount of P34 protein in soybean. These results will be helpful in breeding program for selecting the line with lacking KTI protein and reduced amount of P34 protein in soybean.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 2019

Purpose: Intravitreal aflibercept, ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and dexamethasone are the most widely used drugs in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and dexamethasone for the treatment of DME. Methods: There were nine previous systematic reviews on this topic; we updated these high-quality reviews. Seven studies were added to two studies following a literature search. Efficacy outcomes were 1) average improvement in visual acuity, 2) proportion of patients who experienced an improvement in vision (an increase in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of ${\geq}15$ in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study [ETDRS]), and 3) proportion of patients who experienced worsening vision (a decrease in BCVA of ${\geq}15$ in the ETDRS). Safety outcomes included systemic adverse events and ocular-related adverse events. Results: The mean difference in the BCVA for ranibizumab versus bevacizumab treatment was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.02, 0.34), and that for ranibizumab versus aflibercept was -0.08 (95% CI: -0.26, 0.10). The mean difference in the change of BCVA for aflibercept versus ranibizumab was -0.20 (95% CI: -0.40, -0.01), and that for aflibercept versus bevacizumab was -0.34 (95% CI: -0.53, -0.14). Other efficacy outcomes showed similar trends, and there was no significant difference between treatments. There was also no significant difference in both systemic and ocular adverse events rates between the treatments. Conclusions: In DME patients, the efficacy of aflibercept was found to be higher with respect to BCVA changes compared with ranibizumab or bevacizumab. However, there were no significant difference in terms of visual acuity improvement or visual acuity of more than 15 letters, nor in terms of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (as a safety outcome).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.717-721
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• 2011

In case of plastic film greenhouses cultivating fresh vegetables on paddy soil, soil characteristics must be considered as more important factor than any other factors. Generally after the four years of cultivation, soils tend to increase electrical conductivity value, nutrient unbalance and soil pests. As a result, degradation of agricultural products occurred, therefore it is necessary to improve soil conditions. In this study, yield and economic cost of cucumber were analyzed. The best soil conditions for cucumber cultivation were alluvial or valley in soil topology, moderately or poorly drainage in soil drainage classes, coarse loamy soil in texture. In addition, rich-sunlight and-deep groundwater would be proper for the cucumber cultivation. Good environmental managements of plastic film greenhouse were as follows. The temperature needed to be adjusted three times. The optimal daytime temperature could be $22{\sim}28^{\circ}C$, the one from 12 until night could be $14{\sim}15^{\circ}C$, and the temperature from 24 to sunrise could be $10{\sim}12^{\circ}C$. During plant growth period, soil moisture content was as low as 10~15%, and it needed to be maintained as 15~20% during reproductive growth period. To control pests, catch crop cultivation and solar treatment were carried out, after those EC was reduced and the root-knot nematode was controled too. Cucumber yield from the plot with improved soil managements increased to $158.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$, but plot with successive cropping injury yielded $140.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$. The income from the plot with improved soil managements was 215,676 thousand won $ha^{-1}$, the plot with successive cropping injury was 131,649 thousand won $ha^{-1}$. Income rate of each plot was 51.8% and 38.4%, respectively.