• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2002

Evegradies 71' kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was grown at 160,000 plants per ha in a volcanic ash soil in Jeju island to determine the optimum frequency of split N application fer forage production. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied with 240 kg/ha, and frequencies of the split N applications were 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times. Plant height averaged across two harvests increased from 187 to 201cm as N was split-applied from one to three applications and then decreased to 201cm in five applications. This pattern held for the number of branches and leaves per plant stem diameter and weight of plant per plant. Fresh forage yield increased from 91.8 to 114.2 MT/ha. dry matter yield from 12.70 to 16.6 MT/ha, crude protein yield from 1.75 to 2.48MT/ha, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield from 5.39 to 7.63 MT/ha as N was split-applied from one to four applications, and then decreased to 106.6, 15.0, 2.32, and 7.22 MT/ha in five applications, respectively As N was split-applied from one to five applications, crude protein content increased from 13.8 to 15.4%. ether extract content from 4.1 to 5.9%, and TDN content from 42.4 to 48.1%. but crude fiber decreased from 38.2 to 37.1% and crude ash content from 11.5 to 8.6%. Nitrogen free extract content was about 19.0% regardless of cutting height.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of growing period and cultivars on physiological characteristics and photosynthetic rates of kenaf in Cheorwon, Korea, The possibility of their utilization as forage plant was also discussed. A split plot design composing 3 growing periods (53, 84 and 115 days after sowing) and 3 cultivars (Dowling, Everglade-41 and Tainung-2) was applied for this experiment. Leaf photosynthetic rate was highest 28.6 $CO_2{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in Everglade-41 at the beginning of August when solar irradiation was most intense. In the final biomass of kenaf, Dowing wa the highest among cultivars, with 534.6g/F.W./plant and 109.6g/D.W./plant, respectively. In addition, Dowling was the best in stem thickness among cultivars evaluated. Our results exhibited that all cultivars planted in Cheorwon exhibited decreased yield production compared to a previous report experimented in Jaeju. It may result that cultivation in Jaeju utilized wider planting space and longer cultivating time. In the basis of our data, it is suggest that extending cultivation time and using wider planting space should increase yield in Cheorwon with potential utilization of kanef as a forage crop.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.520-524
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of thidiazuron(TDZ) on callus and shoot primordia formation, to determine the most optimum multiple shoot induction medium, and to obtain the plantlets on solid medium via shoot organogenesis. TDZ 0.01 mg/L in MS medium was most effective on callus formation, and BA 0.1 mg/L was most effective on shoot growth, while TDZ 0.01 mg/L was most effective on callus formation. TDZ 0.001 mg/L was most effective in shoot primordia formation. Shoot tips were cultured with TDZ 0.01 mg/L for 8 weeks and induced callus was transferred to regeneration medium containing TDZ 0.001 mg/L. After 4 weeks induced shoot primordia were resubcultured at growth regulator-free medium for 4 weeks. The induced multiple shoots rooted more efficiently at NAA 1.0, 5.0 mg/L, or IBA 5.0 mg/L.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is carried out accurately to grasp the vascular plants in Mt. Bakdal (825 m of sea level), Goesan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do. In the results of survey from October, 2000 to August, 2001, the vascular plant species in Mt. Bakdal were summarized as 458 taxa; 91 families, 275 genera, 391 species, 62 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forestry Service were six species; Lilium distichum, Iris uniflora var. carisina, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Viola albida, Scopolia japonicus and Scrophularia koraiensis. And the endemic plants were seventeen species; Melandryum seoulense, Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum, Hylomecon hylomeconoides, Spiraea prunifolia for. simpliciflora, Rubus hongnoensis, Gleditsia japonica var. koraiensis, Lespedeza ${\times}$ tomentella, Vicia venosa var. cuspidata, Vicia venosissima, Tilia taquetii, Ajuga spectabilis, Paulownia coreana, Scrophularia koraiensis, Weigela subsessilis, Lonicera subsessilis, Cirsium setidens and Saussurea seoulensis. The sixteen species were recorded in the surveyed sites as the naturalized plants; Rumex acetocella, Rumex crispus, Fallopia dumetora, Chenopodium glaucum, Amaranthus retroflexus, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Amorpha fruticosa, Trifolium repens, Abutilon avicennae, Hibiscus trionum, Oenothera odorata, Oenothera lamarckiana, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Bidens frondosa and Carduus crispus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2004

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an annual plant of the family Malvaceae, is considered to be the most promising for alternative plants with potential use as a non-wood fiber source. The objectives of this study were to select the optimum seeding date and adaptable cultivar among newly introduced kenaf cultivars (Everglades-41, Tainung-2 and Chingpi-3) in Jeju island, and to clarify the photosynthetic characteristics of those cultivars. Among the three cultivars, the fresh shoot weight per unit area of Chingpi-3 at harvest season showed highest through all seeding dates, that of while Everglades-41 was the lowest. The difference of shoot yield at harvest mainly due to seedling stand rate and plant number per unit area among the cultivars. The Chingpi-3 showed the highest shoot fresh weight in the seeding date of May 11 and decreased trend in the late seeding dates. Net photosynthesis rate was higher on Everglades-41 with entire type leaf than other two cultivars with palmate type leaf. The activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/foxygenase (rubisco) estimated from the A-Ci curve showed highest in Chingpi-3 among three cultivars. These results suggest that Chingpi-3 might be adaptable cultivar with seeding date of around May 10 for kenaf production in Jeiu island.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

Background: In the study, the effects of elevated $CO_2$ and temperature on the nitrogen content, carbon content, and C:N ratio of seven rare and endangered species (Quercus gilva, Hibiscus hambo, Paliurus ramosissimus, Cicuta virosa, Bupleurum latissimum, Viola raddeana, and Iris dichotoma) were examined under control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) for 3 years (May 2008 and June 2011). Results: Elevated $CO_2$ concentration and temperature result in a decline in leaf nitrogen content for three woody species in May 2009 and June 2011, while four herb species showed different responses to each other. The nitrogen content of B. latissimum and I. dichotoma decreased under treatment in either 2009 and 2011. The leaf nitrogen content of C. virosa and V. raddeana was not significantly affected by elevated $CO_2$ and temperature in 2009, but that of C. virosa increased and that V. raddeana decreased under the treatment in 2011. In 2009, it was found that there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of the six species except for that of P. ramosissimus. On the other hand, while there was no difference in carbon content in the leaves of Q. gilva in the control and treatment in 2011, carbon content in the leaves of the remaining six species increased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. The C:N ratio in the leaf of C. virosa grown in the treatment was lower in both 2009 and 2011 than that in the control. The C:N ratio in the leaf of V. raddeana decreased by 16.4% from the previous year, but increased by 28.9% in 2011. For the other five species, C:N ratios increased both in 2009 and 2011. In 2009 and 2011, chlorophyll contents in the leaves of Q. gilva and H. hamabo were higher in the treatment than those in the control. In the case of P. ramosissimus, the ratio was higher in the treatment than that in the control in 2009, but in 2011, the result was the opposite. Among four herb species, the chlorophyll contents in the leaves of C. virosa, V. raddeana, and I. dichotoma did not show any difference between gradients in 2009, but decreased due to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature in 2011. Leaf nitrogen and carbon contents, C:N ratio, and chlorophyll contents in the leaves of seven rare and endangered species of plant were found to be influenced by the rise and duration of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, species, and interaction among those factors. Conclusions: The findings above seem to show that long-term rise of $CO_2$ concentration, and temperature causes changes in physiological responses of rare and endangered species of plant and the responses may be species-specific. In particular, woody species seem to be more sensitive to the rise of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature than herb species.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

Allelopathic effects of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was evaluated through germination tests using 13 different species including R. pseudoacacia itself. The water extract from leaf or root of R. pseudoacacia was separately tested. Seed germination of several species was inhibited in the presence of leaf or root extract, although the level of germination was in a wide range depending on the species. Seed germination of R. pseudoacacia was suppressed by 30 % in its leaf extract. Among tested tree species, Hibiscus syriacus and Alnus frma showed significantly inhibited germination in the root extracts whereas Thuja orientalis exhibited germination inhibition in the leaf extract. HPLC was carried out to identify allelochemicals in extracts of leaf and root using eight authentic phenolic compounds that are known to be responsible for allelopathy. The major phenolic compounds occupying about 40 % of total phenolic acids were gentisic acid in leaves and vanillic acid and syringic acid in roots. The leaves contained 7 times more phenolic acids than the roots. Among 8 tested phenolic compounds vanillin was detected only in roots and coumaric acid in leaves. Consequently, 3 out of 13 species showed significantly inhibited germination due to leaf or root extract. This germination test indicates that the inhibitory allelopathic effect by R. pseudoacacia is caused by chemical interaction not by nutritional competition and that the allelochermicals of black locust act species-specifically. No specific influence of the total amount of phenolic compounds on the allelopathic inhibitory germination and the synergic effect by each phenolic compound may play a role for the allelopathic effect by R. pseudoacacia.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.498-515
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• 2011

The flora of Juwangsan National Park was surveyed. The field works was done for seven times from March to October 2008. Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment in Juwangsan National Park were found to be Hylotelephium ussuriense (KOM.) H. OHBA, Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Iris odaesanensis Y.N.LEE and Acanthopanax senticosus (RUPR. et MAX.) HARMS, Lilium cernum KOM., Thalictrum coreanum LEV.(7 taxa). The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 88 taxa; that is, degree V species (8 family 9 taxa) were containing as Jeffersonia dubia BENTH., Berchemia berchemiaefolia (MAK.) KOIDZ, Lilium cernum KOM., etc, degree IV species (4 family 5 taxa) were Cimicifuga heracleifolia KOM., Anemone reflexa STEPH. et WILLD., Patrinia rupestris JUSS., etc, degree III species (16 family 18 taxa) were containing; Pyrrosia petiolosa (CHRIST.et BARONI) CHING, Exochorda serratifolia S. MOORE., Aristolochia manshuriensis KOM., etc, degree II species (14 family 18 taxa) were Paeonia japonica MIYABE et TAKEDA, Isopyrum raddeanum (REGEL) MAX., Cypripedium macramthum SW., etc and degree I species (30 family 38 taxa) were Botrychium virginianum (L.) SW., Chloranthus japonicus SIEB., Dictamnus dasycarpus TURCZ., etc. 15 taxa that included Salix hulteni FLODERUS, Celtis choseniana NAKAI, Clematis trichotoma NAKAI, Vicia venosissima NAKAI, etc. were found to be endemic to korea and 21 taxa that included ; Bilderdykia dumetora (L.) DUM., Bilderdykia convolvulus DUM., Lepidium apetalum WILLD., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Symphytum offcinale L., Hibiscus trionum L. etc. were identified as naturalized plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.149-160
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• 1995

We investigated the seasonal changes flower color of 163 deciduous woody landscape plants in the Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The results were as follows; 1. By the month of anthesis of woody landscape plants, only one plant of Hamamelis japonica flowered in February, 15 species in March, 48 species in April, 63 species in May, 23 species in June, 12 species in July, and one plant of Hydrangea paniculata was flowered in August. 2. The flowering period was about 220 days from February 24, 1992 that Hamamelis japonica was anthesis to October 5, 1992 when Hydrangea paniculata was deblossomed. 3. By the flowering period of woody landscape plants, 81 species continued for 11 days through 20 days, and Rosa spp., 118 days, Hibiscus syriacus 'Yungkwang', 80 days, Largerstroemia indica, 65 days, and 6 species continued for 41 through 60 days, 10 species were 31 through 40 days, 43 species were 21 through 30 days, and 20 species were for less than 11 days. 4. The woody landscape plants flowering before leaf spreading, Hamamelis japonica, Abeliophyllum distichum, Prunus mume 'Hwahyangmi', Prunus mume 'Baekkaha', Lindera obtusiloba, Cornus officinalis, Prunus armeniaca. The others were plants with leaves spreading white flowering; Forsythia ovata 'Tetra gold', Forsythia ovata, Corylus hetrophylla, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Magnolia denudata, Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Gold', Forsythia koreana, Magnolia stellata, Acer negundo 'Elegans', Magnolia kobus, Forsythia viridissima 'Bronxensis', Prunus yedoensis, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula, Prunus persica for. albiplena, Prunus tomentosa, Prunus persia, Magnolia liliflora, Prunus glandulosa for. sinensis, Cercis chinensis, Poncirus trifoliata. 5. In terms of flower color based on KBS standard color number, 83 species were white, 44 species wer red, 21 species were yellow, 12 species were violet, and 3 species were green. 6. In terms of the flower color by month. Hamamelis japonica was yellow February. Flower colors in March were : yellow-7 species, red-3 species and white-5 species. Flower colors in April were : White-21 species, red-19 species and yellow-6 species. Flower colors in May were : White-36 species, red-16 species. The white flowers in June were 16 species. Flower colors in July were : white-4 species, red-4 species. 7. The white flower color of woody landscape plants of trees was 35 species. The red flower color was 18 species, yellow flower color was 5 species, violet flower color was 2 species, and green flower color was 3 species. Also the white flower color of woody landscape plants of shrubs was 48 species, red flower color was 25 species, yellow flower color was 17 species and violet flower color was 10 species. 8. The new 'Cultivars' of woody landscape plants are needed to introduced the development of planting design. 9. Present data of illustrated books of plants should be checked by new data that was studied in this research.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.439-442
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• 2001

This study has been conducted from April 25, 1999 to June 25, 1999 in Jeju Province in order to determine the influence of seeding date on growth, yield and chemical composition of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Delaying the seeding date from April 25 to June 25 decreased the plant height of Kenaf from 278.5 cm to 205.7 cm. As for the number of leaves, number of withering leaves, number of branches, and stem diameter decreased as the seeding date was delayed. As the seeding date was delayed, fresh forage yield decreased from 98.5MT/㏊ to 45.9MT/㏊, dry matter yield from 20.7MT/㏊ to 8.2MT/㏊, crude protein (CP) yield from 2.9MT/ha to 1.3MT/ha and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield form 1l.6MT/㏊ to 5MT/㏊. However, both leaf yield and stem yield were nearly the same tendency. Delaying the seeding date from April 25 to June 25 increased crude protein contents of leaves from 21.5％ to 24.4％, crude fat contents from 5.2％ to 6.1％, nitrogen free extract (NFE) contents form 39.9％ to 41.2％ and TDN contents from 64.3％ to 69.7％. However, delaying seeding date decreased crude fiber contents from 20.8％ to 17.5％, and crude ash contents from 7.9％ to 7.0％. Based on the these findings, optimum seeding date for forage production of Kenaf seems to be about 25 April in atmospheric phenomena and volcanic ash soils of Jeju island.