• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.339-347
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• 1998

As a part of a study on the development of microbiological methods for petroleum exploration, the distribution of the avarafe survival rate for heterotrophs to various heavy metal ions and hydrocarbons were surveyed and compared by the use of plate count method. In consequence of the avarage survival rate to heavy metal ions(2 hours treatment) and hydrocarbons(1 hour treatment) for heterotrophs isolatinf from soil samples(50cm depth) which located in Doum mountain(A, B and D site) and Aedowon(C site) at Pohang area, the survival rate of heterotrophs for nickel(600ppm), cobalt(500ppm), cadmiun(100ppm), mercury(20ppm), zinc(400 ppm) and lead(500ppm) were 73.7%, 82.6%, 76.8%, 9.5%, 77.8% and 73.6% at A site and 67.9%, 82.5%, 86.0%, 5.8%, 82.5% and 91.7% at B site, 87.8%, 79.8%, 87.5%, 7.0%, 84.2% AND 47.7% AT c SITE, AND 71.8%, 76%, 85.9%, 1,2%, 79.6% AND 88.3% AT D site, respectively. Also the survival rate of heterotrophs from A,B,C and D site to pentane and hexane(each concentration is 20%) were 26.7% and 42.5%, 11.8% and 8.1%, 44.3% and 36.2%, and 12% and 3.5%, respectively. therefore, heterotrophs from B and D site that alternated gravelstone, muddy sandstone and sandstone were higher survival rate to the heavy metal ions than heterotrophs from A site which mainly composed gravelstone. Also, heterotrophs from C site which mainly composed muddy sandstone and once produced natural gas were showed relatively higher survival rate to the heavy metal ions and hydrocarbons than the other sites. Consequently, we confirmed that the distributions of tolerant heterotrophs to heavy metal ions and hydrocarbons were differ from the lithological compositon.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2003

Bacterial activities of dam reservoir sediments were assessed using the methods of viable counts, ATP contents, dehydrogenase activity, and oxygen consumption. Viable heterotrophs in collected sediments were observed in the range of $10^6{\sim}10^{10}$ CFU/g dry wt. sediment. All assessed methods showed high activities in sediment samples collected from near dam site. In addition, bacteria increase in sediments amended with cellulose, starch, lipid, and protein compounds. Various ranges of antibiotics and heavy metals resistance bacteria were also detected, especially, 10~100 times less numbers of Cd resistance bacteria were observed compared with those of Pb and Cr. In general, antibiotics resistance groups were in the range of $10^{-1}{\sim}10^{-6}$ times of control.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.197-205
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• 2004

Batch test methods have developed for a long time to measure kinetic and stoichiometric parameters which are required to perform steady state design and mathematical modelling of activated sludge processes. However, at various So/Xo ratios, abnormal behaviors of ordinary heterotrophic organism in batch tests have been reported in many researches. Thus, in this research, abnormal behaviors of heterotrophs in batch tests were investigated at various So/Xo conditions by measuring and interpreting oxygen utilization rate. As So/Xo ratio increased, the calculated values of maximum specific growth rates, ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$, increased. However, at a certain point of So/Xo (around 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), ${\mu}_{H,max}$ and $K_{MP,max}$ values started to decrease. According to this observation, three prominent behaviours of heterotrophs were identified at various So/Xo conditions. (1) At low So/Xo region (below 5 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), the oxygen utilization rate of heterotrophs in batch tests were almost stable and consequently yielded lower maximum specific growth rate. (2) At high So/Xo region (up to 5~10 mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), oxygen utilization rate incresed sharply with time and indicated more upward curvature than the predicted OUR with conventional activated sludge model, which consists of single hetetrotrophs group. Thus, in this region, competition model of two organisms, fast-grower and slow-grower, seemed to be appropriate. (3) At extremely high So/Xo region (over 10mgCOD/mgMLAVSS), significant oxygen utilization rate was still observed even after depletion of readily biodegradable COD. This might be caused by retarded utilization of intermediates which were generated by self inhibition mechanism in the process of RBCOD uptake.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.875-883
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• 2006

The carbon and nitrogen removal process using PVA-gel (Polyvinyl Alcohol) immobilized microorganisms was studied. The process has been operated under diverse process conditions for 12 months. The process consists of denitrification with internal recycle of 300%, nitrification, aerobic digestion reactors and settling tank. Nitrificatoin and nitrogen removal efficiency according to gel packing ratio and temperature were studied. Yield for Heterotrophs ($Y_H$), decay coefficient for Heterotrophs($b_H$) in aerobic digestion reactor were determined to seize sludge reduction mechanism and compared with typical data of activated sludge process. Then SRT in aerobic digestion reactor was determined on an experimental basis and sludge reduction efficiency was calculated. The process was implemented successfully with sludge reduction efficiency of 92.0~98.5% on a basis of biomass.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.760-766
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• 1998

암모니아 산화 미생물을 부산근교 하수처리장의 오니와 양어장 여과막에서 분리 동정하여 이들의 암모니아 산화성을 실험하였다. 독립영양성 암모니아 산화세균으로는 Nitrosomonas sp.를 분리. 동정하였고 종속 영양성균으로는 2종의 Bacillus sp., 2종의 Acinetobacter sp., 그리 고 Xanthomonas sp., Ajcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas sp., 그리고 Sphingobacterium sp.등의 8종을 분리하였다. 분리균주들의 암모니아 산화성을 실험하기 위하여서는 mineral salt medium에 $NH_4Cl$ 10mg/$\ell$를 첨가한 배지에서 $28^{\circ}C$, 15일 배양한 결과 Nitrosomonas sp.는 배양4일째부터 균수가 증가하면서 암모니아 산화와 아질산생성이 시작되어 15일 배양후에는 약 2mg/$\ell$의 암모니아성질소의 감소가 일어났고 동시에 0.023$\~$0.036mg/$\ell$의 아질산성 질소가 생성되었다. Heterotrophs 8균주는 균주에 따라 다소 차이는 있었으나 배양 15일 동안 균의 증식은 거의 일어나지 않았고 오히려 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 그리고 암모니아 산화성도 낮아 0.02$\~$0.64mg/$\ell$ 정도 감소하였고 아질산성 질소의 생성량은 0.01$\~$0.51 mg/$\ell$ 정도이었다. 그러나 heterotrophs 83주를 mineral salt medium에 $NH_4Cl$ 10mg$\ell$과 glucose 50 mg/$\ell$를 첨가시키면 균증식도 좋아지고 암모니아 산화성도 증가하여 15일 배양 후에는 암모니아성질소는 1.12$\~$3.85 mg/$\ell$ 정도 감소하였다. $NH_4Cl$ 50mg/$\ell$과 glucose 5 g/$\ell$ 로 조절된 배지에서는 암모니아 산화성이 더욱 좋아져 15일 배양 후에 약 1$\~$20mg/$\ell$의 암모니아성 질소가 감소하였다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2005년도 생물공학의 동향(XVI)
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• pp.282-286
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• 2005

Biofilm airlift reactor was continuously operated to investigate the competitions between the autotrophs and heterotrophs, ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers, and Nitrobacter and Nitrospira with real wastewater at a C/N ratio of 0.86. As the reactor achieved complete nitrification microbial distribution was analyzed by FISH/CLSM technique. The results showed that heterotroph was more abundant than nitrifying bacteria. Ammonia oxidizers (17%) and Nitrobacter (7%) prevailed nitrite oxidizers (9%) and Nitrospira (2%), respectively.

• 한국동물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물학회 1996년도 한국생물과학협회 국제학술대회
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• pp.267.1-267
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2008

식물에 필수영양소인 황은 대부분 sulfate의 형태로 식물이 흡수하며, thiosulfate 형태로는 영양소로서 흡수하지 못한다. 황산화세균은 이러한 thiosulfate를 산화시켜 sulfate로 만들어 준다. 국내 토양에서 황산화세균의 분포를 조사하기 위하여 경제적으로 중요성을 갖는 19가지 작물의 근권에서 토양을 채취하였다. 항산화세균은 조사한 모든 작물의 근권에서 존재하였으며, 황산화능이 우수한 32가지의 황산화세균을 분리하였다. 또한 분리 균주의 생화학적 특징을 검토한 결과 32종 중 56%가 필수 화학합성자가영양생물이었으며, 44%가 기생 종속영양생물이었다. 분리 균주 ATSR15P는 배양과정에서 19.2 mM의 thiosulfate를 사용하였고, 11.7 mM의 sulfate를 축적하였다. 또한 ATSR15P 배양 과정 중 배지의 pH가 6.5에서 3.1로 감소하였다. 본 연구에서는 황산화세균에 의 한 황의 산화가 국내 작물의 근권에서 포괄적으로 나타나는 현상이라는 것을 증명하고 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2003

The ecological process-based approach provides a detailed assessment of belowground compartment as one of the major compartment of carbon balance. Carbon net balance (NEP: net ecosystem production) in forest ecosystems by ecological process-based approach is determined by the balance between net primary production (NPP) of vegetation and heterotrophic respiration (HR) of soil (NEP=NPP-HR). Respiration due to soil heterotrophs is the difference between total soil respiration (SR) and root respiration (RR) (HR=SR-RR, NEP=NPP-(SR-RR)). If NEP is positive, it is a sink of carbon. This study assessed the forest carbon balance by ecological process-based approach included belowground compartment intensively. The case study in the Takayama Station, cool-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest was reported. From the result, NEP was estimated approximately 1.2 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$ in 1996. Therefore, the study area as a whole was estimated to act as a sink of carbon. According to flux tower result, the net uptake rate of carbon was 1.1 t C $ha^{-1} yr^{-1}$.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.51-60
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• 1996

This research was performed for the fundamental data using a advanced treatment process of piggery wastewater. Characteristics of influent wastewater was divided with various methods in fixed biofilm batch reasctor. Fractons of organic were divided into readily biodegradable soluble COD(Ss), slowly biodegradable COD(Xs), nonbiodegradable soluble COD($S_I$), and nonbiodegradable suspended COD($X_I$). Experimental results were summerized as following : i) biodegradable organics fraction in piggery wastewater was about 88.1 percent, and fraction of readily biodegradable soluble COD was about 66.1 percent. ii) Fractions of nonbiodegradable soluble COD was 11~12 percent, and soluble inert COD by metabolism was producted about 6~8 percent. iii) Active biomass fraction of attached biofilm was about 54.7 percent, and substrate utilization rate and maximum specific growth rate of heterotrophs were $8.315d^{-1}$ and $3.823d^{-1}$, respectively.