• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of enzyme-treated radish (Raphanus sativus L.) leaves on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high fat diet. Rats were divided into four experimental groups which were composed of a high fat diet group (HF group), a high fat diet with 10% radish leaf powder-supplemented group (MA group), a high fat diet with 5% enzyme-treated radish leaf powder-supplemented group (MB group) and a high fat diet with 10% enzyme-treated radish leaf powder-supplemented group (MC group). Total dietary fiber content of enzyme-treated radish leaves were greater than untreated radish leaves. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio (FER) of the HF group increased compared to the MA, MB and MC groups. The serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index contents in the radish leaf powder-supplemented groups were lower than that of the HF group, while those values for the MB and MC groups were significantly lower than that of the HF group. The serum HDL-cholesterol contents of the MB and MC groups increased compared to the HF group. The hepatic triglyceride contents of the MA, MB and MC groups decreased compared to the HF group. In fact, the hepatic triglyceride contents of the MB and MC groups were significantly lower than the MA group. The hepatic total cholesterol contents of the MB and MC groups significantly decreased compared to those of the HF group. The fecal total cholesterol contents of the MA, MB and MC groups significantly increased compared to those of the HF group. These results indicate that supplementation with enzyme-treated radish leaves increase the useful fiber contents. Furthermore, it may have a pronounced impact on lipid metabolism of serum and liver in rats fed a high fat diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.693-700
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of genistein, a kind of soy isoflavones, on fatty liver and lipid metabolism in rats fed high fat diet. Twenty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups by dietary fat and genistein contents then raised for six weeks. The rats(n=6/group) were fed normal fat diet(NOR), high fat diet (HF), high fat with 0.1% genistein(HF+0.1%G) or high fat with 0.2% genistein(HF+0.2%G). Hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and Serum GPT, as a marker for fatty liver, were significantly increased by high fat diet. Also, serum total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose and insulin concentration, hepatic lipogenic enzyme (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme) activities were significantly increased by high fat diet. However, hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and Serum GPT were significantly decreased by genistein intake. Also, genistein supplementation decreased serum total lipid, triglyceride, glucose and insulin concentration, hepatic lipogenic enzyme (fatty acid synthase and malic enzyme) activities. There were no differences by genistein level except for serum insulin. These results suggest that fatty liver induced by high fat diet was caused by increased serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipogenesis, whereas, genistein may be useful in inhibiting of fatty liver by reducing serum lipid profiles and hepatic lipogenesis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2015

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang on the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities of liver tissue in growing male rats fed cholesterol. Twenty seven rats were divided into three treatment groups (Control, Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang) and were given experimental diets with 1% cholesterol for 9 weeks. All rats in this study were fed a casein-based diet. Chunggukjang groups were fed diet containing 33.1% Chunggukjang powder. The Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups showed significantly lower weight gain, food efficiency ratio than the control group regardless of Chunggukjang type. Serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang group than in the control group, whereas serum triglyceride and atherogenic index were significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Hepatic triglyceride contents was not significantly different among the diets. However, hepatic cholesterol content was significantly lower in the Greentea-Chunggukjang group than in the control group. Lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents was significantly lower in the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups than in the control group. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue of the Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang groups were not significantly different. It can be concluded that Chunggukjang and Greentea-Chunggukjang influence lipid profile and hepatic malondialdehyde contents in growing male rats fed cholesterol.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.145-151
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• 1981

The effect of ginseng methanol extract on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme in rat was investigated. The ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats for 7days and the contents of cytochrome $P_{450}$ and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in liver were measured by the method of Stanton et al. and Mazel respectively. The content of liver cytochrome $P_{450}$ and NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the rats treated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) were increased by 21.9% and l6.6% respectively and their increases were statistically significant. Single i.p. injection of phenobarbital (100mg/kg) to the rats produced approximately 25% increase in cytochrome $P_{450}$ content in this investigation and further stimulation was produced in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg). On the other hand, single i.p. injection of 95% $CCl_{4}$ (0.5ml/kg) showed 29% decrease in cytochrome $P_{450}$ content and 10.5% decrease in NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity. The degree of inhibition of cytochrome $P_{450}$ content in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg) was similar to that observed in the $CCl_{4}$ alone treated group, but NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity was increased by 65% in the rats pretreated with ginseng methanol extract (100mg/kg). These results suggest that ginseng is the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme inducing agent in the rat and the effect is similar to phenobarbital.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 2001

To evaluate an effect of circadian variation on the xylene metabolizing enzyme activities, 50% m-xylene in olive oil(0.25 $m\ell$/100g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to the rats every other day for 6 days both in the night; 24:00 and the day; 12:00. Then animals were sacrigiced at 8hr after last injection of m-xylene. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 contents were more increased both in control and xylene treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. But the activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) in control of night phase showed the similar value with that in those of day phase and xylene treated rats of day phase showed an increasing tendency of hepatic ADH activity as those of night phase showing similar activity. Furthermore, control rats of night phase than those of day phase. And by xylene treatment, enzyme activities of rats of day phase were higher tendency in rats of control but those of night phase were somewhat inhibited. Besides, xylene-treated animals of night phase showed increasing tendency of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration compared with those of day phase. On the other hand, liver weight per body weight(%), hepatic lipid peroxide content and serum xanthine oxidase activity were higher in night phase. And the activities of hepatic oxygen free radical metabolizing enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, gluthathione S-transferase, and xylene-treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized on the basis of the results that the accumulation rate of m-xylene intermediate metabolite, i.e. m-methylbenzaldehyde in liver tissus may be higher in night phase than in day phase and it may be responsible for higher liver toxicity in bight phase than in day phase.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.259-266
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• 2006

The current study examined the effect of quercetin supplements on the lipid-lowering and antioxidant metabolism in ethanol-fed rats. The control $group(E_8)$ received ethanol only diet for 8 wks, whereas the other group$(E_8Q_4)$ received a diet including quercetin supplementation(0.05% wt/wt) for 4 wks while on the ethanol diet for 8wks. The hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in the $E_8Q_4$ group than in the $E_8$ group. Supplementation with quercetin significantly elevated the HDL- cholesterol concentration, the HDL-C/total-C ratio, and lowered the atherogenic index(AI) compared to the $E_8$ group. The hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents were significantly lowered by the quercetin supplement compared to those of the control group. The hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities of the $E_8Q_4$ group were significantly lower than those of the $E_8$ group. The overall potential for antioxidant defense was significantly enhanced by the quercetin supplement, as indicated by a decrease in plasma and hepatic TBARS levels. The hepatic GSH-Px and G6PD activities were significantly higher in the $E_8Q_4$ group compared to the $E_8$ group. The current results suggest that dietary quercetin leads to the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT, which in turn lowers cholesterol levels and normalizes antioxidant enzyme activities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.442-450
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 2-AAF injection time on hepatic lipid peroxide metabolism and cytochrome P450 content in Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing high amounts of vegetable oils or animal fats(15%, w/w). Fifty mg of 2-AAF/kg of body weight/day was injected in PEG 300 intraperitonially for 3 consecutive days after 4 or 8 weeks to rats fed corn oil(CO) or lard(LA) diet. The contents of lipid peroxide and cytochrome P450, and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-peroxidase) and glutathione S-transferase(GSH-S-transferase) were determined in hepatic microsomal or cytosolic fraction. Microsomal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and cytochrome P450 contents increased in Co group injected 2-AAF after 4weeks. Cytosolic SOD activity increased in CO group injected 2-AAF after 4 weeks and in LA group injected 2-AAF after 4 or 8 weeks. Cytosolic GSH-S-transferase activity increased in LA group compared to CO group without 2-AAF injection. GSH-S-transferase activity increased in CO group injected 2-AAF after 4 or 8 weeks and in LA group injected 2-AAF after 4 weeks. Therefore, it may be suggested that 2-AAF injection increase the contents of lipid peroxide or cytochrome P450, and detoxifying enzyme activities in rats fed CO diet for short period and in rats fed LA diet for longer period.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2003

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to water-borne phenanthrene for 4 weeks. After the exposure for 2-weeks, hepatic cytochrome P450 contents were significantly elevated. Induction of hepatic ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity was significantly increased in flounders treated with 1.0 and 2.0 $\mu$M phenanthrene, compared to untreated group and 0.5 $\mu$M treated group. However, there were no significant changes in pentoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) activity in hepatic microsome of all the phenanthrene-treated groups, compared to the untreated group. Phenanthrene has the potential to induce cytochrome P450 and EROD enzyme of the olive flounder.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2000

Inhibitory effects of the methanol extract, hexane extract, methanol soluble fraction (MSF) and juice from 3 weeks fermented Kimchi on the tumor formation in sarcoma-180 cell transplanted mice were studied. Effects of the solvent extracts and juice of the Kimchi on the levels of lipid peroxide, glutathione, and the enzyme activities of the liver were also investigated in normal and sarcoma-180 cell transplanted mice. At 32 days following trans-plantation, MSF reduced the tumor formation by 54% compared with the control group, resulting in the smallest tumor weight. Lipid peroxided content in liver increased by the transplantation of sarcoma-180 cells. However, it decreased when MSF of Kimchi was treated to the mice. MSF also suppressed xanthine oxidase activity in cytosol of the liver cells in mice transplanted by sarcoma-180 cells. Kimchi extracts had no inhibitory effect on hepatic aminopyrine-N-demethylase activity in sarcoma-180 cell transplanted or normal mice. Methanol extract and hexane extract of Kimchi slightly increased hepatic glutathione contents in sarcoma-180 treated mice. The injection of MSF from Kimchi markedly increased glutathione levels in the liver of sarcoma-180 treated mice. The injection of MSF from Kimchi markedly increased glutathione levels in the liver of sarcoma-180 treated mice compared to the controls. The MSF recovered the activities of hepatic glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase that decreased by the injection of sarcoma-180 cells. These results showed that MSF of Kimchi could suppress the growth of tumors, inhibiting lipid peroxide production and xanthine oxidase activity, in mice. We also suggested that Kimchi extract might play an important role in the prevention of cancer by enhancement of the glutathione level itself as well as via glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1991

Effects of water extracts of endocarps and seeds of omija(Schizandra chinensis Baillon)on alloxan and CCl4 induced liver injuries were determined by measuring the contents of metabolites and enzyme activities both in liver and serum in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The treatment with water extracts in parts of omija showed low levels of glucose, GOT, LDH and FFA of serum but high level of hepatic G-6-P DH in alloxan treated rats. CCl4 treatment with water extracts of parts of omija resulted in low levels of GOT, LDH, UN of serum and hepatic pyruvate but hepatic cytosolic protein has been increased.