• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.25.1-25.14
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• 2022

Background: The commercially available Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines were developed based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates genetically divergent from field strains that can only prevent clinical disease, not shedding of virulent heterologous virus, highlighting the need to develop genotype-matched vaccines Objectives: This study examined the efficacy of the NDV genotype-matched vaccine, mIBS025 strain formulated in standard vaccine stabilizer, and in carboxymethyl sago starch-acid hydrogel (CMSS-AH) following vaccination via an eye drop (ED) and drinking water (DW). Methods: A challenge virus was prepared from a recent NDV isolated from ND vaccinated flock. Groups of specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with mIBS025 vaccine strain prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer and CMSS-AH via ED and DW and then challenged with the UPM/NDV/IBS362/2016 strain. Results: Chickens vaccinated with CMSS-AH mIBS025 ED (group 2) developed the earliest and highest Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titer (8log₂) followed by standard mIBS025 ED (group 3) (7log₂) both conferred complete protection and drastically reduced virus shedding. By contrast, chickens vaccinated with standard mIBS025 DW (group 5) and CMSS-AH mIBS025 DW (group 4) developed low HI NDV antibody titers of 4log₂ and 3log₂, respectively, which correspondingly conferred only 50% and 60% protection and continuously shed the virulent virus via the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes until the end of the study at 14 dpc. Conclusions: The efficacy of mIBS025 vaccines prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer or CMSS-AH was affected by the vaccination routes. The groups vaccinated via ED had better protective immunity than those vaccinated via DW.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1998

Hemagglutination-inhibition titers (log2) to Newcastle disease (ND) vims were chronologically observed in chicks, which were orally inoculated with 5 × 105 oocysts of Cwptospori,drum bcileyi at 2 days of age and subsequently vaccinated with inactivated ND virus at 4 and 21 days postinoculation. In general, the titers were considerably lower in the infected chicks than those in the uninfected control throughout the experimental period (p < 0.01), and rapid negative seroronversions were observed in the infected chicks. The titers reached a peak on weeks 2 and 4 post-booster-vaccination in the control and infected chicks, respectively. Thus, C. bciLeWi infection was shown to have an immunosuppressive effect on ND vaccination when the agent was given to 2-day-old chicks. It is suggested that C. bniLeWi infection in chicks may increase the host susceptibility to ND virus.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.193-198
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• 1988

In order to examine the efficacy of concurrent vaccination with live and killed Newcastle disease(ND) vaccines two types of each live($B_1$ and LaSota) and killed(gel and oil) vaccines of all commercial origin were administered either alone or simultaneously to day-old broiler chicks having maternal antibody. Live vaccines were given by conjuntival instillation in volumes of 25${\mu}\ell$ containing $10^{6.0}$ to $10^{6.3}$ median embroy infective dose(EH)) while killed vaccines were given in 0.3$m\ell$ volumes subcutaneously at the back of the neck Hemagglutination inhibition(HI) antibodies were determined at weekly intervals until 8 weeks of age and protection rate was determined at 4 and 8 week of age by challenge inoculation with virulent ND virus(NDV). During the 8 weeks experimental period concurrent administration of live and oil vaccine produced the highest level of HI antibody and the most satisfactory protection, whereas concurrent rent vaccination with live and gel vaccine induced poor immune responses. There was no noticeable difference in the efficacy between the live vaccines, Bl and LaSota when simultaneously administered with oil vaccine. Except for oil vaccine, single administration of either live or killed vaccine at day-old produced less than 50% protection at 4 and 8 weeks postvaccination(PV). Oil vaucine alone induced 80% and 70% protection at 4 and 8 week PV, respectively. Concurrent vaccination caused on visible side reaction like respiratory symptoms and did not negatively influence the growth rate of birds until the end of experiment.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.405-411
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• 2011

Avian influenza virus vaccines produced in oil-emulsified inactivated form with antigen content of at least 160 hemagglutinin units (HAU) induced immunity in birds. However, in addition to enhancing the effect of the adjuvant(s), other additional supplemented biological compounds included in inactivated vaccines could produce higher levels of antibody. We examined in chickens, Vietnamese ducks, and muscovy ducks the adjuvant effect of Sophy ${\beta}$-glucan (SBG), a ${\beta}$-1,3-1,6 glucan produced by the black yeast Aureobasidium pollulans strain AF0-202, when administered with an avian influenza H5 subtype vaccine. In Experiment 1, 40 chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), allocated to four groups of ten each, were immunized with Oil-H5N1(VN), Oil-H5N1(CN), Oil-H5N2(CN), and saline (control group), respectively. In Experiment 2, chickens (ISA Brown hybrid), muscovy ducks (French hybrid), and Vietnamese ducks (indigenous Vietnamese) were used to further assess the effect of SBG on immunogenicity of the Oil-H5N1(VN) Vietnamese vaccine. ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to assess the antibody response. The H5 subtype vaccines initiated significantly higher immune responses in the animals dosed with SBG, with 1.0-1.5 $log_2$ higher HI titers and 10-20% ELISA seroconversion, compared with those not dosed with ${\beta}$-glucan. Notably, some of the animals dosed with SBG induced HI titers higher than 9.0 $log_2$ following boosting immunization. Taken together, our serial studies indicated that SBG is a potential effector, such as enhancing the immune response to the H5 vaccines tested.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 1984

During the 1978-79 Newcastle disease (ND) epizootic period, a detailed survey was conducted on the five representative farms which had been following one of the recommended vaccination programs. When the disease broke out during laying period, clinical symptoms were mild to moderate respiratory distress and greenish diarrhea. Affected flocks experienced weekly mortality from less than 1% to 17%. Egg production returned to normal 18 to 36 days after the initial signs appeared although some flocks never returned to normal. On postmortem examination,, most affected chickens showed severe hemorrhagic lesions in the duodenum, hematoma on ova, and heavy fat accmulation on various visceral organs. Most of the NO affected flocks had geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition antibody(HIA) titers of 7 log$_2$ or higher two to three weeks after the appearance of clinical signs. These HIA titers were at least 16-fold higher than those before infection. Flock mean HIA titers before infection were usually lower than 3 log$_2$. Severity of clinical signs and anamnestic antibody response were maximum in the flocks whose vaccination immunity was insufficient or waned considerably. Observations showed that even young birds, if properly vaccinated, could get effective protection from field ND exposure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.29.1-29.7
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• 2022

Vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) is the most effective means of controlling the disease, and these vaccines are commercialized only after their safety and effectiveness have been verified through tests that comply with Korean Standards of National Lot Release for Veterinary Biologics. This study investigated whether a relatively convenient and safe serological test can be used in place of the challenge test using highly virulent ND virus. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were considered positive of log₂ 2 or more and cutoff value of 200 or more, respectively, in both live and inactivated vaccines. However, when the antibody levels of the live and inactivated vaccines induced using the Ulster 2C, KBNP-C4152R2L, and K148/08 strains were compared, the antibody titers for inactivated vaccines were significantly higher than those for live vaccines in both the HI assay and ELISA. A strong positive correlation was observed between HI and ELISA antibody titers. The live vaccines corresponded to a survival rates of ≥ 80% and the inactivated vaccines corresponded to 100% survival rates. This study confirmed that standard efficacy tests can serve as serological tests, and can replace the challenge test and that the vaccine approval process can be improved.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2004

This study was carried out to produce IgY against B. bronchiseptica, parvovirus and distemper virus that are major pathogens in alimentary and/or respiratory diseases of dogs. In the comparison of adjuvants, ISA70 was the best in the rapid induction and maintence of antibody titers. Agglutination antibody titers against B. bronchiseptica were 1:1,280 ~ 1:10,240 in sera and 1:160 ~ 1:1,280 in egg yolk. Hemagglutination inhibition(HI) titers against parvovirus in sera and egg yolk were 1:80 ~ 1:320 and 1:64 ~ 1:256, respectively. Virus neutralization titers against canine distemper was 1:8 ~ 1:64 in sera and egg yolk. These results suggested that egg yolk antibody titers could be variable according to a sort of adjuvant and antigens of the pathogens.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.473-480
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• 1986

Mumps is an extremly common infectious disease affecting predominantly young children hut it is not a severe disease in terms of mortality. One hundred and two sera from infants of 3 different groups which are vaccinated, unvaccinated and unknown were detected to mumps antibody. The tests used were Complement Fixation(CF) test, Single Radial Hemolysis(SRH) test, Hemagglutination Inhibition(HI) test, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Immunoglobulin G(ELISA IgG) test, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Immunoglobulin M(ELISA IgM) test. 1. The rate of positivity for mumps antibody in 102 sera wera 89.16%(74/83) by Hl test, 68.83%(53/77) by ELISA IgG test, 64.58%(62/96) by SRH test, 63.24%(43/68) by ELISA IgM test and 50.00%(49/98) by CF test. 2. The rate of positivity by 5 tests for 55 sera turned out to be very similar with above results respectively. 3. The correlation coefficients(r) between ELISA IgG test ant H1 test, ELISA IgG test and ELISA IgM test were 0.34(P<0.0l) and 0.31(P<0.02), respectively. 4. The percentage of apparently natural infection of mumps seemed to be 65.15%(43/66) in infants. 5. Seroconversion rate of mumps by vaccination were 90.91%(10/11). 6. Among the 53 infants who were tested with ELISA IgG 15 were below 15 months age of(28.30%) and this percentage may be taken as a suggestion that mumps vaccination should be given earlier than present practice. 7. ELISA IgG test was found very sensitive and recommendable method for large scale screening for the presence of antibody to mumps.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-146
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• 2005

Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), low pathogenic avian Influenza (LPAI) and fowl typhoid (FT) have been known as egg drop laying diseases because of the serious layer damage from mass zone layer. In this study, such egg drop laying diseases were investigated. To access this study, we peformed to evaluate antibody titers in serum and isolated bacteria and virus from organs and feces on May, July and September in 2003. The distribution of ND from January to May, IB and LPAI from October to February of the next year, and FT from March to September were inspected by the question survey in 21 farms. ND revealed to be positive rates of 490 to 474 $(96.7\%)$ in May, 510 to 506 $(99.2\%)$ in July and 510 to 510 $(100\%)$ in September with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The mean antibody titers were 10.2, 9.9 and 10.2, respectively. With regard to IB, 484 out of 490 samples $(98.7\%)$ in May, 508 of 510 $(99.6\%)$ in July and 509 of 510 $(99.8\%)$ in September showed positive results and the mean antibody titers were gradually increased with 8.2, 9.0 and 9.4, respectively. According to HI test of LPAI, the positive results were shown in 442 of 480 $(92.1\%)$, 394 of 494 $(79.8\%)$ and 402 of 483 $(83.2\%)$ in May, July and September, respectively The mean antibody titers were decreased with 4.6, 4.3 and 4.0. The distribution of LPAI also elicited the positive rates of 480 to 475 $(99.0\%)$ in May, 494 to 485$(98.2\%)$ in July, 483 to 472 $(97.7\%)$ in September as determined by ELISA and the mean S/P ratio were 2.319, 2.557 and 2.380, respectively. Compared ELISA results with HI test of LPAI the positive results were 480 to 422 $(92.1\%),\;475(99.0\%),\;494\;to\;394 (79.8\%),\;485 (98.2\%)\;and\;483\;to\;402(83.2\%),\;472(97.7\%)$. Therefore, the positive rate determined by ELISA was higher than that of HI test with 6.9, 18.4 and $14.5\%$, respectively. When performed RT-PCR for ND using organ and feces samples, the pathotypes were detected $5(15.6\%)\;in\;May,\; 2(5.3\%) in\;July,\;2(7.1\%)$ in September but there is no samples showing positive band for LPAI. In attempt to isolate Salmonella gallinarum, bacteria were obtained from 4 cases (12.5%) in May, 9 (23.6%) in July, 5 (17.8%) in September. Thus the highest rate for isolation revealed to be shown in July When evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility to 18 isolated strains of 5. gallinarum, bacteria were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethox$(61.1\%),\;kanamycin\;(55.5\%),\;ampicillin\;(55.5\%)$ and amoxacillin/clavulanic acid $(55.5\%)$, cephalothin $(50.0\%)$, but resistant to penicillin $(88.9\%)$, streptomycin $(88.9\%)$, erythromycin $(83_4\%)$ and tetracycline $(61.1\%)$. According to HI test of ND and LPAI using captured 164 wild Korean tree sparrows (Passer nontanus), the positive rates were $47.6\%\;and\;57.3\%$, and the mean HI titers were 5.32 and 4.02, respectively. 71 $(43.2\%)\;and\;58(35.3\%)$ in captured sparrows also showed more than 4 titers for HI test to ND and LPAI, respectively However, the attempt for isolation of viruses failed in all samples.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 1980

The purpose of this paper is to study the incidence of humoral antibody to reovirus type 2 in the sera of the Koreans and animal(swine) at random. All the 614 of human beings and 877 of swine sera were collected during the period from June to December, 1979, from the healthy persons in the National Seoul Hospital and swine blood was collected from 25 different areas of June to 30th of September in 1977. The HI test was put with plastic plates according to the methods by Rosen(1960 a and 1974). The total 73.29% of the 614 cases in human and the 61.80% of the 877 in swine confirmed as a hemagglutination inhibition antibodies. In human the 76.47% of the 442 male cases and the 65.12% of the 172 female ones were confirmed to have humoral antibodies. The positive rate was widely shown in each age group. But the 31 to 50 old age groups showed a little higher than any other age group, which came to the 85.71% in 41-50 and the 78.72% in 31-40 old age groups. The monthly distribution of HI antibody was shown to reach the 93.22% of the 59 cases in June. This per cent was much higher than of any other distribution. Accordingly, the auther came to the conclusion that there is reovirus type 2 in all the parts of Korea and most of the Koreans have the higher rates of antibody. However, the positive rate of antibody was the 542 out of the 877 cases(61.8%) from the swine and antibodies was confirmed from the 25 different areas in Korea. The seasonal distribution of the antibody showed these high rates. In domestics animals; blood from the swine showed that distribution of HI antibodies to reoviras type 2. These antibody appears from the various areas of the province in Korea. For this reasons, reovirus was widely distributed in this country.