• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1098-1103
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• 2003

Soybeans released proteins when immersed in water at $50{\sim}60^{\sim}C$. We investigated the changes in the characteristics of soybean when soaked in water at different temperatures and studied the electrophoretic properties of soy proteins in recommended Korean soybean varieties after heat treatment. Soybean seeds were heated in soaking water at temperatures of 30, 40, 50, 60, $70^{\circ}C$ for 90 min, and also from 10 to 150min at $60^{\circ}C$. The pH value of the water decreased with heating time at $60^{\circ}C$, and the amount of soluble solids increased with temperature and heating time. The protein concentration of the solution increased with temperature and time. From SDS-PAGE of the proteins in soaking water, we detected two new bands of 16 kDa- and 31 kDa-proteins from the Korean soybean varieties on heat treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.537-543
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• 1999

Whole horse beans (Vicia faba cv. Alfred) (WHB) were pressure toasted at different temperatures of 100, 118 and $136^{\circ}C$ for 3, 7, 15 and 30 minutes in order to determine an optimal heating conditions to increase bypass starch (BPSt) as glucose source which is usually limiting nutrient in highly producing dairy cows in the Netherlands. Starch (St) Ruminal Degradative Kinetics and Fermentation Characteristics of (SRDC) of WHB were determined using in sacco technique in 4 lactating dairy cows fed 47% hay and 53% concentrate according to Dutch dairy cow requirements. Measured characteristics of St were soluble fraction (S), potentially degradable fraction (D) and rate of degradation (Kd) of insoluble but degradable fraction. Based on measured characteristics, percentage bypass starch (BPSt) was calculated according to the Dutch new feed evaluation system: the DVE/OEB system. Pressure toasting temperatures significantly affected starch gelatinization (p<0.01). Degradability of Starch in the rumen was highly reduced by pressure toasting (p<0.01). S varied from 58.2% in the raw WHB (RWHB as a control) to 19.6% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. S was reduced rapidly with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). D varied from 41.8% in RWHB to 80.5% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. D fraction was enormously increased with increasing time and temperature (p<0.01). Kd varied from 4.9%h in RWHB to 3.4%/h in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. All these effects resulted in increasing %BPSt from 29.0% in RWHB to 53.1% in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. Therefore BPSt increased from 93.5 g/kg in RWHB to 173.5 g/kg in $136^{\circ}C/15min$. The effects of pressure toasting on %BPSt and BPSt seemed to be linear up to the highest values tested. Therefore no optimal pressure toasting conditions could be determined at this stage. But among 10 treatments, The treatment of $136^{\circ}C/15min$was the best with the highest BPSt content. It was concluded that pressure toasting was effective in shifting starch degradation from rumen to small intestine to increase bypass starch.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.893-901
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of thawing conditions on physiological activities and quality of peeled garlic. Peeled frozen garlic was analyzed after thawing at low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$), room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$), tap water ($20^{\circ}C$), radio frequency of 27.12 MHz, and 2.45 GHz in a microwave. As a result, the time required to thaw garlic to $0^{\circ}C$ by various thawing methods was shortest at2.45 GHz in a microwave, followed by $20^{\circ}C$ tap water, radio frequency of 27.12 MHz, $20^{\circ}C$, and $4^{\circ}C$. Microwave thawing was faster than other methods, but it resulted in significant non-uniformity of heating. The hardness of peeled garlic significantly decreased upon freeze-thawing, whereas it showed improved hardness upon radio-frequency thawing. Total color difference in garlic increased upon freeze-thawing, and it was not improved by various thawing methods. Antioxidant activities were determined for DPPH radical scavenging ability, SOD-like activity, and reducing power. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids in garlic extract were measured as $3.222{\pm}0.214{\mu}g$ GAE/g and $0.149{\pm}0.03{\mu}g$ QE/g, respectively. The content of total phenolic compounds was significantly reduced by 2.45 GHz microwave thawing ($1.90{\pm}0.02{\mu}g$ GAE/g); however, flavonoid contents were slightly reduced under freezing and thawing conditions. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of garlic extracts was not affected by thawing methods; however, SOD-like activity and reducing power were slightly reduced by freeze-thawing. These results indicate that physiological activities were not improved by radio-frequency thawing; however, thawing time and maintain hardness were reduced compared with conventional thawing methods.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1968

For the effective control of Syphilis, many investigators have developed a more rapid, simple and economical screening serological test which is adequately sensitive and specific. To fulfill the requirements of a more rapid serologic test for syphlis, a substitute for the conventional serum specimen was needed since considerable time and labor are involved in the processing of blood to serum. Burdon suggested the use of plasma in the serologic tests for syphilis as a substitute for serum. He noticed that plasma was more sensitive than serum in the Kline and Kahn tests, and attributed this to the presence of more antibody-like substance, "reagin" in plasma than in serum. However, to make plasma sufficiently sensitive, it was necessary to inactivate plasma by heating at a temperature of $56^{\circ}C$ for about 30 minutes. Heating of plasma resulted in the precipitation of fibrinogen which made centrifugation necessary to obtain dear plasma. Since the chief disadvantage to the use of unheated plasma(or serum) was a reduction in sensitivity of results-which probably was due to a labile factor such as complement-Portnoy et al began to consider rapid chemical methods of inactivation of plasma(or serum). They experienced that choline chloirde was shown to be anticomplementary which suggested its use as an inactivating agent for unheated plasma(or serum). In 1959 Portnoy et al reported the Rapid Plasma Reagin(RPR) Test for syphilis which is a more rapid, economical and simple. But still this test has many disadvantages as a rapid performing, field and office procedure, because it requires the usual laboratory equipments such as centrifuge, rotating machine, microscope etc. To substitute these disadvantages of the RPR test, in 1962, Portnoy et al developed the Rapid Plasma Reagin(RPR) card test for syphilis, which has the following advantages: a) Simplicity and rapidity of performance, b) Requires no laboratory equipments, c) Stable antigen suspension, d) Adequate sensitivity and specificity. This RPR card test can be used as a rapidly performing and screening test in field investigation, outpatient clinics, small laboratories and hospitals doing limited syphilis serology, and predonor in blood bank. Private clinic which has limited laboratory equipment and technic for syphilis serology can also use this RPR card test as a tool in the rapid diagnosis of syphilis. It was thought that this RPR card test is a useful tool in Korea for private physician and mass survey for syphilis diagnosis. But Portnoy patented the reagents needed for the performing the RPR card test. Therefore authors developed newly the reagents and according to Portnoy's method evaluated the newly developed. RPR card test compared with the VDRL, Kolmer CF, and RPCF tests. The RPR card and VDRL tests were performed plasma and serum from the total 1,132 cases. Among these 1,131 cases, 521 were syphilis suspected laboratory specimens, and 611 were syphilis unsuspected healthy young men. After screening with these two tests, the RPR card and VDRL tests, reactive specimens to the above one or both tests were retested by the Kolmer CF and RPCF tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1154-1161
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate microbiological Quality of HACCP application in elementary school foodservice operations. Microbiological Quality of utensils and non-heated foods such as salad was measured two times at five elementary schools in Daegu. The two experimentations differed in that after the first experimentation employees were educated and trained on HACCP based sanitation standards with a goal of improving microbiological Quality of foodservice. Microbiological Quality, time, and temperature were evaluated at three critical control points (CCPs)： washing and disinfecting, personal hygiene and non-cross contamination. Micro-biological Quality was assessed using 3M petrifilm to measure total plate count and coliform group. The first experimentation showed low microbiological Quality due to cross contamination of utensils and cooking gloves; high microbiological count of the garlic, powdered red pepper, and ginger; and not thoroughly washing and disinfecting vegetables. In the second experimentation, microbiological Quality was greatly improved by washing and thoroughly disinfecting raw ingredients and utensils, and using good personal hygiene. However, microbiological Quality of seasonings was still low. Immediate corrective actions were required in one of the foodservice operations that was assessed. These results strongly suggest that foodservice operations should address non-heated food Quality. It is essential to measure microbiological Quality regularly and continually train and retrain employees on hand washing and disinfecting raw ingredients. Further studies are needed to determine whether pathogens are present in raw vegetables and seasonings.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2006

The effect of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus pomaces (CP) was evaluated. CP were placed in pyrex petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and irradiated at $100^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 or 60 min with a FIR heater or simple heater, respectively. After FIR irradiation or simple heat treatment, 70% ethanol extracts (EE) and water extracts (WE) of CP were prepared and radical scavenging activity (RSA) and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of the extracts increased as the time of heating or FIR-irradiation increased. When CP were FIR-irradiated at $100^{\circ}C$ far 30min, the values of RSA and reducing power of EE increased from 14.9% to 44.2%, and 0.290 to 0.886, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Simple heat treatment of CP at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min also increased RSA and reducing power of EE to 44.7%, and 1.045, respectively. FIR irradiation and heat treatment increased RSA and reducing power of WE from CP, too. These results indicated the antioxidant activity of CP extracts was significantly affected by FIR irradiation and heating temperature and duration on CP, and that the FIR irradiation and heat treatment process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant activity of CP.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.242-247
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• 2016

This research aims to set up and validate methods of analyzing the methanol in wet wipes and verifies the analysis methods that applied to the wet wipes. We used Headspace (HS) Gas Chromatography (GC) - Flame Ionization Detector (FID) to the establish analysis method of methanol in wet wipes and optimized heating temperature, heating time, GC conditions with column. The result indicated that 3 mL of sample in 20 mL headspace vial can be equilibrated efficiently in headspace sampler at 70 ℃ for 10 min and sample was measured by GC with spli injection mode(10:1). The results show that linearity from 1 to 100 ppm was over R2 0.9995, precision was RSD 1.83 % and accuracy(recovery rate) was 105.44 (±1.05 %) on water matrix and wet wipes matrix removed non-woven fabric. Also, monitoring results of total 20 cosmetics on the market, from 0.00017 to 0.00156 % of methanol was detected from wet wipes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1745-1753
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• 2008

We analyzed the physical and chemical properties such as proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and combustion test for the organic sludge discharged from chemical and petrochemical product manufacturing industries in the industrial complex. The average combustible and ash content of organic sludges from chemical and petrochemical product manufacturing industries were 17.42%, 7.45%, and 18.25%, 4.22%, respectively. The C, H, O, N, and S compositions for chemical and petrochemical product manufacturing industries were 33.06, 4.34, 24.81, 5.18, and 0.72%. And those compositions for petrochemical product manufacturing industries were 36.58, 4.74, 26.79, 5.09, and 0.49%, respectively. From the TGA test, the minimum temperature for combustion of the sludge discharged from B company was $700^{\circ}C$ for direct use for energy and 2 sludges(F and N companies) were about $600^{\circ}C$. According to the basic combustion test, high concentration of CO was formed because oxidation and pyrolysis reaction take place in the batch type reactor at the same time. From this phenomena we could obtain the significant data for the overheating and breakage of furnace.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2018

In this study, the analysis of torrefaction products was carried out for fueling of sewage sludge. The mixed samples were composed as follows : 50% of sewage sludge and 50% of rice husk and CR(Coffee Residue). In this experiment, the reaction time(30min, 60min) and temperature($200^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$) were expressed as a single variable using SF(Severity Factor). As a result, it was confirmed that as the SF increased, the heating value and fuel ratio increased, but the CI(Combustibility Index) decreased. The heating value was similarly increased as CR(Coffee Residue) and SF increased. The fuel ratio range of mixed samples was equal to that of lignite(0.5~1.0) in case of SF lower than 6.19 and that of bituminous coal(1.0~1.8) in case of SF higher than 7.36 or above. The CI showed a stable range(3,000~5,500kcal/kg) in low SF as the content of mixed samples contained more rice husk than CR.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.139-148
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• 2003

$LiPO_3$ glass scintillators were fabricated, and lanthanides(except Pm) oxides or chlorides were used as an activator. For the fabrication of $LiPO_3$ glasses, optimum heating conditions were obtained, and the photoluminescence of the glasses was measured by the monochromator. For the best transparency of the glass samples, optimum heating temperature and time are $950^{\circ}C$ and 90 min, respectively. It was found that Pr, Nd, Gd, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu do not work as activator; emission spectrums of samples with them were equal to those of samples without activators. In the case of samples with Europium, the peaks of emission spectrum of $Eu^{2+}$ and $Eu^{3+}$ were 420 nm and 620 nm respectively. And samples with $Ce^{3+}$ were about 380 nm, and $Tb^{3+}$ were about 550 nm. Glass scintillators with $Be^{3+}$, $Eu^{2+}$, and $Ce^{3+}$ were found to be more applicable to neutron detection. The result of neutron detection by Ra-Be sources showed that $Ce^{3+}$ was found to be the best activator of $LiPO_3$.