• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1990

Gelatinization properties of heat-moisture treated Olchal(japonica) and Hankangchalbyeo(j x indica) waxy rice starches were compared. The blue value, light transmittance of starch suspension and viscosity in sodium hydroxide solution were similar between two starches. Olchal starch showed lower water binding capacity, swelling power md peak viscosity by amylograph than Hankangchalbyeo starch. Upon heat-moisture treatments all above parameters were decreased. The critical sodium hydroxide concentration for gelatinization was increased by treatments. The initial pasting temperature of Olchal starch was higher than that of Hankarlgchalbyeo. All amylograph reference points increased by the treatments, except the maximum viscosity or 2l% moisture-treated Olchal starch. Starches treated at 18% moisture level showd the highest value of consistency index. The activation energy of consistency index for gelatinized Olchal starch was lower than that for Hankangchalbyeo starch. The heat-moisture treatments had no effect on activation energy.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.487-494
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the thermal stability of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins dissolved in water and milk by various heat treatments. Vitamin samples were prepared by dissolving them in water and milk at various concentrations, and were heat treated for 30 min at 65$\^{C}$, 15 sec at 85$\^{C}$, 5 sec at 100$\^{C}$, 121$\^{C}$ at 15 min, the levels of residual vitamin were measured by using HPLC. Milk samples were fortified with vitamins before and after UHT treatment. As heating over 100$\^{C}$, riboflavin in water were destructed more than 92% but fortified in milk showed less than 20% destruction, suggesting that riboflavin was protected by milk components. Also retinol heated ever 100$\^{C}$ was more stable in milk than in water. L-Ascorbic acid and cholecalciferol(D$_3$) showed a similar destruction rate in water and in fortified milk. L-ascorbic acid was easily destructed by UHT treatment. Destruction of thiamin and tocopherol was increased in fortified milk. Among tour capsulated water-soluble vitamins, L-ascorbic acid was much more stable compared with powder form. Nicotinic acid and folic acid either in capsule or powder form showed a slight destruction by heat treatment. The results suggested that the fortification of unstable vitamins such as L-ascorbic acid, thiamin, tocopherol and cholecalciferol(D$_3$) should be made in milk after heat treatment.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2022

In this study, the conditions of dry heat treatment (21 days at 65℃, 16 days at 70℃, 10 days at 75℃, and 7 days at 80℃) were investigated to inactivate Bacillus cereus ATCC 12480, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC SSA81, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC 43894, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 on alfalfa seeds, without affecting the rate of germination of seeds. Alfalfa seeds were inoculated at levels of 6-7 log CFU/g and treated with dry heat at 65℃, 70℃, 75℃, and 80℃; thereafter, the rate of seed germination was determined. The rate of germination was set at 70%, according to the market standards. The bacteria were inactivated when B. cereus was treated with dry heat for 21 days at 65℃, 18 days at 70℃, 14 days at 75℃, and 4 days at 80℃; L. monocytogenes was treated for 21 days at 65℃, 18 days at 70℃, 12 days at 75℃, and 7 days at 80℃; S. aureus was treated for 18 days at 65℃, 18 days at 70℃, 11 days at 75℃, and 4 days at 80℃; E. coli O157:H7 was treated for 21 days at 65℃, 18 days at 70℃, 12 days at 75℃, and 6 days at 80℃; and Sal. Typhimurium was treated for 24 days at 65℃, 22 days at 70℃, 14 days at 75℃, and 7 days at 80℃. For all bacteria, the D-value (R² = 0.5656-0.7957) significantly decreased when the temperature increased from 65℃ to 80℃ (P<0.05). Since dry heat treatment of alfalfa seeds at 80℃ for 7 days affects their germination rate, dry heat treatment at 75℃ for 14 days is the most effective way to ensure their safety. This study suggests a potential method of bacterial inactivation using dry heat treatment to increase the microbiological safety of sprouts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.784-792
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• 2010

Mild heat treatment was applied to ginger rhizomes to achieve shelf-life extension for fresh minced ginger. The rhizomes were treated at 45, 50, 55, or $60^{\circ}C$ for different periods of time, minced, and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. Microbial levels in minced fresh ginger decreased with increases in temperature and duration of heat treatment. The non-treated and treated samples did not significantly differ in color at the initial stage of storage. Changes in color were detected after 3 days, and accelerated after that time. The ${\Delta}E$ value of control samples reached 12.42, whereas that of treated samples (except when $45^{\circ}C$ was applied for 60 min) ranged from 7.67 to 10.96, after 9 days. There was no significant difference in initial pH value between control (pH 6.09) and treated (pH 6,046.20) samples. The pH of control samples increased to 8.02 after 9 days, whereas pH values of samples treated at $50^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ ranged from pH 6.807.83 after 9 days. The percentage of control drip was 25.65% at the initial stage of storage, which was lower than those of treated samples. Drip increased to 38.63% in the control and to 34.20~38.44% in treated samples after 9 days. The sensory characteristics of the control samples were similar to those of treated samples at the initial stage of storage. After 6 days, the control and some treated samples developed off-flavors and discoloration. However, samples treated at $50^{\circ}C$ for 60 min retained favorable quality characteristics for 9 days after storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1444-1450
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• 2007

To prevent the deterioration of jujube wine quality due to commercial heating process for sterilization, hydrostatic pressure (500 MPa, 5 min) or freezing (frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, followed by thawing at room temperature for 4 hr) treatment was applied. Their microbial count, physicochemical property and sensory quality were investigated in comparison to heat-treated jujube wine ($63^{\circ}C$, 10 min) and commercial wine. Pressure-treated and commercial jujube wine were completely sterilized and heat-treated wine was decreased to <10 CFU/mL while freezing-treated jujube wine was partially sterilized $(30{\sim}60%)$. Hydrostatic pressure and freezing, and heat treatment had no influence on chemical compositions such as pH, acidity, amino acidity, reducing sugar and ethanol content, but significantly induced the changes of instrumental color. While sensory quality of heat-treated jujube wine was significantly deteriorated, reducing sour and burning taste, that of pressure and freezing-treated jujube wine was maintained fresh without decrease in sour and burning taste.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2011

Arcobaeter butzleri is one of the aerotolerant Campylobaeter species which cause persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting in human. The aim of this study was to determine the growth and survival of A. butzleri under the heat treatment or freezing storage condition. In heat treatment, two Korean isolates of A. butzleri were treated at 40 to $80^{\circ}C$ for various times. In freeze treatment, two Korean isolates of A. butzleri were kept at 4, -20 and $-70^{\circ}C$ from 1 to 15 d. The survivability of the A. butzleri Korean isolates significantly decreased at higher than $60^{\circ}C$ heating condition but it didn't show any significant difference in $40^{\circ}C$ treated group. Under the cold stress condition, survivability of A. butzleri were significantly decreased at $-20^{\circ}C$ storage. Like other foodborne pathogens, survivability of A. butzleri was controlled by heat and freezing treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.166-170
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• 2008

The effects of heat treatments on the antioxidant activities of selected fruits and vegetables were investigated by heating at various temperatures (110, 120, 130, 140, and 150$^{\circ}C$) for 2 hr. The examined fruits and vegetables included tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), oriental melon (Cucumis melon var. makuwa), apples (Malus pumila Miller var. domestica Schneider), melon (Cucumis melon), watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris), and banana (Musa sapientum). The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of the juices from heated samples were quantified spectrophotometrically, and their antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH and ABTS radicals. As the heating temperature increased, antioxidant activity also increased. The highest total polyphenol content (2.80 mg/g) occurred in the oriental melon with heating at 150$^{\circ}C$, and this value was 7 times higher than that of the untreated oriental melon (0.40 mg/g). The highest total flavonoid content (148.80 ${\mu}$g/g) occurred in the melon heat treated at 150$^{\circ}C$, and this value was 37 times higher than that of the untreated melon (4.54 ${\mu}$g/g). DPPH radical-scavenging activity was the highest in the watermelon treated at 150$^{\circ}C$ (84.37%, 0.50 mg/g), and this value was 40 times higher than that of the untreated watermelon. Finally, the highest ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) value (239.50 mg AA eq/g) was obtained in the watermelon heat treated at 150$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr (control = 18.35 mg AA eq/g).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.514-520
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• 2008

This study addresses the development of a soy hamburger patty containing enzyme-treated textured soy protein (TSP) as a meat analogue. In order to reduce the beany flavor and enhance the texture, TSP was treated with 0.3% Flavourzyme for 5, 10, 20, or 30 min. The degree of hydrolysis and the water holding capacity of the TSP increased with increasing hydrolysis time. The oil binding capacity of the TSP also increased with increasing hydrolysis time, approaching the maximal value, 175.82%, at 30 min, whereas that of pork scored with the lowest value of 128.67%. The volume of pork was reduced to 81.5% as the result of heat treatment, whereas that of the TSP increased to 140.57%. The values of 'L', 'b', and '${\Delta}E$' differed significantly (p<0.001) with heat treatment, but the 'a' values did not differ significantly. With regard to texture, the hardness values were highest in the pork hamburger patty (PHP), and were lowest in the soy hamburger patty (SHP) containing untreated TSP. The hardness of the SHP containing TSP treated for 20 min did not differ significantly from that of the PHP. The cohesiveness and gumminess of the SHP treated for 20 min were highest, whereas those treated for 10 min were the lowest. The gumminess of the SHP treated for 20 min did not differ significantly from that of pork. The chewiness of the PHP was the highest, whereas that of the SHP treated for 5 min was the lowest. In our sensory evaluation, PHP evidenced the highest scores, followed by the SHP treated for 30 min, as color, texture, beany flavor, and overall quality all improved as the consequence of increasing enzyme treatment duration. In conclusion, it is believed that SHP has great potential as a substitute for meat, in that the flavor, texture, and beany flavor of SHP did not differ significantly from those of PHP.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1994

Oleoresin, 6-gingerol and 6,10-gingerol: 6-paradol= 1 : 1 mixture were extracted from ginger (Zingi-her of ficinale Roscoe) and changes of its antioxidant activity by heat-treatment were studed. Oleoresin was extracted with Ethanol-Ether and 6,10-gingerol : 6-paradol(1 : 1) and 6-gingerol were extracted with Hexane and Hexan : Ether= 1 : 1, respectively, and identified on the Thin-layer Chromatograpy (TLC) plate with the solvent system of Hexane Ether(1 : 4, v/v). And oleoresin was heat-treated during 0, 10, 30, 60, 120 minutes, and 6-gingercl and 6,10-gingerol . 6-paradol=1 : 1 were heat-treated during 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 minutes, respectively, at 140$^{\circ}C$ dry oven. To compare with antioxidant activity, oleoresins were added into soybean oil at 3fo level, 6-gingerol and 6,10-gingerol : 6-paradol= 1 : 1 at 0.1% level, BHT and TBHQ at 0.02% level, respectively. All the substrates treated were stored in a incubator at 45 2$^{\circ}C$ condition. The oxidative stability was estimated by the analysises of peroxide value and conjugated diene value during storage. The results were as follows: Antioxidant activity of oleoresins were considerably high and by heat-treatment were not decreased. 6-paradol was not show the antioxidant activity. 6,10-gingerol : 6-paradol=1 : 1 provided poor protection for soybean oil. Antioxidant activity of 6-gingerol was higher than 6,10-gingerol : 6-paradol=1 : 1 and by heat-treat-ment antioxidant activity was directly decreased. Relative antioxidant effectiveness(RAE) of each antio-xidant was compared. RhR was found to decrease as follow : TBHQ>oleoresin》BHT TBHQ》BHT>6-gingerol》6,10-gingerol : 6-paradol=1 : 1.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2001

The chicken meat has been reported as one of the food causing allergic reactions predominantly to Korean. At present, several in vitro tests for immunoglobulinG (IgG)-mediated as well as IgE-mediated food allergy are available. 13 clinically chicken meat-allergic patients were investigated together with 4control subjects for identification of chicken meat-specific reactivity by ELISA. Also, protein profile and IgE, IgGtotal and IgG4-reacting allergens were detected by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoresis (SDS-PAGE)and immunoblotting. Chicken meat extracts were prepared as raw, heated, heat and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) treated samples to characterize the stability of allergen to physicochemical treatment. SDS-PAGE revealed 9~200 kDa bands. And in immunoblotting 7 sera were identified most major bands between 10 and 78 kDa. In case of IgE, six proteins (17, 26, 35, 40, 78 kDa) were predominant in heat-treated extract, and the one (35 kDa) was present in SGF-treated preparations. In case of IgG$_{total}$ and IgG4, most of them showed a patters simmilar to IgE. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in IgE, IgG$_{total}$ , IgG4 Abs to chicken meat between the allergic and control subjects in ELISA. In addition, the concentration of IgG4Abs in the challenge-positive subjects was significantly higher than that of control subjects. It is considered that the specific IgE response to chicken meat was rarely prevalent to Koreans. However, the specific IgG4 response play an important role in the development of allergic symptoms.