• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2005

A new gait detection system using both FSR (force sensing resistor) sensors and a gyrosensor was developed to detect various gait patterns. FSR sensors were put in self-designed shoe insoles and a gyrosensor was attached to the heel of a shoe. An algorithm was also developed to determine eight different gait transitions during four gait phases: heel-strike, foot-flat, heel-off and swing. The developed system was evaluated from nine heathy mans and twelve hemiplegic patients. Healthy volunteers were asked to walk in various gait patterns: level walking, fore-foot walking and stair walking. Only the level walking was performed in hemiplegic patients. The gait detection system was compared with a optical motion analysis system and the outputs of the FSR sensors. In healthy subjects, the developed system detected successfully more than $99\%$ for both level walking and fore-foot walking. For stair walking, the successful detection rate of the system was above$97\%$. In hemiplegic patients, the developed system detected approximately 98% of gait transitions. The developed gait phase detection system will be helpful not only to determine pathological gait phases but also to apply prosthetics, orthotics and functional electrical stimulation for patients with various gait disorders.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.65-72
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• 2008

Background : The purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of quadriceps femoris taping in normal gait using 3D motion capture technique. Method : Twenty healthy volunteers, have no musculoskeletal problems, were recruited as subjects for this study. In experimental group, 20 healthy young(males 10 and females 10) were included. The subjects were assessed during two conditions: control tape(no muscle stretched) and quadriceps (muscle stretched)taping application. To obtain the dynamic data, we captured the motion of subject attached markers without taping during repeated gaits five times or more in 7 m Capture volume of gait analysis center. The result was obtained as a mean value in three times. After taping on quadriceps femoris, the same procedure was carried out. Statistical analysis were performed using statistical software packagess SPSS WIN 12.0(SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Differences were tested for statistical significance using paired t-test, independent t-test, chi-squared test for comparisons between the muscle stretched and no muscle stretched. Results : The date of 20 subjects who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analyzed. 1. gait velocity was showed that muscle stretched group had more significantly increased than no muscle stretched group(p<.05). 2. step length was showed that muscle stretched group had more significantly increased than no muscle stretched group(p<.05). 3. cadens was showed that muscle stretched group had more significantly increased than no muscle stretched group(p<.05). Conclusion : kinesio taping on quadriceps femoris promoted cadence, gait velocity, step length in normal subject (muscle stretched) group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.145-155
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to compare differences in endurance time and EMG power spectral characteristics of the masticatory muscles during sustained isometric contraction between patients and controls. 15 CMD patients{8 women and 7 men, aged 15 to 38 years(24.1$\pm$7.5)}, and 15 healthy volunteers{8 women and 7 men, aged 15 to 30 years(24.7$\pm$3.4)} without past history or present symptoms of CMD were included in this study. Sustained isometric contractions of masticatory muscles were perfomeed as long as possible at 50% level of maximum voluntary contraction(MVC) of EMG activity via visual feedback, and the duration of sustained isometric contraction(endurance time) was examined. The author perfomed EMG power spectral analysis in the myoelectric signals of masseter and anterior temporal muscle during sustained isometric contraction in CMD patients with chronic muscle pain and healthy controls. The author came to following conclusions from the results. 1. The endurance time of the patient group was shorter than the control group in sustained isometric contraction of masticatory muscles(p<0.01). 2. MF values of masticatory muscles with sustained isometric contraction during endurance time were decreased following regression line in both groups(p<0.01, r>0.9). 3. The amount of MF shift to lower frequency range exhibited no significant differences between the patients and the control group in sustained isometric contraction during endurance time. 4. SMF to lower frequency range of the patient group was steeper than the control group in sustained isometric contraction during endurance time(p<0.05).

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1521-1527
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• 2018

The original focus of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of lumbar rotational mobilization on the one-legged standing ability. Fifteen subjects (6 men and 9 women, mean age = 22.77 (SD = 1.21), mean height = 165.46cm (SD = 11.65), mean weight = 61.46kg (SD = 8.29) volunteers from healthy individuals were recruited and randomized to a lumbar rotational mobilization (LRM) group and a trunk rotational exercise (TRE) group. Mobilization (grade 3 or 4) was applied to the LRM group on the lumbar spine (L1 to L5) in a side-lying, and trunk twist exercise (left and right side) was applied the to the TRE group with lunge position. Center of pressure (COP) and the velocity of the center of pressure (VCOP) of each participant were measured as a balance ability through one leg standing position. Results are as follows. In within-group difference, the COP of the LRM group reduced during standing with the right foot, but the VCOP change of the LRM was not statistically significant. In between-groups difference, COP of TRE group was decreased compared with LRM group only during left leg standing in the eyes (p <.05). The results of this study suggest that LRM is more effective than TRE in improving balance ability.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.27-34
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• 2002

Clinical study on hemodynamics of healthy elders before and after tread mill. Using doubleblind, placebo-controlled study design. Seventy-five 50-70 years old volunteers without organic disease were divided into two groups, Ginseng group and control group. Each subject was received 3 g Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) capsules or placebo per day for 4 weeks. Before and after administration 4 weeks, the symptoms were asked and hemodynamics parameter such as pump function, systolic function, preload and afterload were recorded before and after tread mill 1,5, 10 minutes by the method of thoracic impedance cardiograph. The result showed that Ginseng could improve quality of life, had obvious effect of increasing PEP (pre-ejection period), PEP/LVET (pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection period), PCWP (wedged pressure pulmonary capillary). The change rate of HR (heart rate), SV (stroke volume) in KRG group were much lowered, while EF (ejection fraction), LVET (left ventricular ejection period), LVEDP (left ventricular end diastolic pressure) was recovered much quickly. The circulation showed Ginseng could improve the quality of life though its promoting circulation function which are increasing both the systolic function and the preload.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the temporo-spatial gait characteristics of healthy young people with those of healthy elderly people. Methods: The data were collected by 40 volunteers. 20 subjects were between 20 and 31 years of age, and 20 subjects were between 65 and 84 years of age. Temporal and spatial parameters of gait were analysed for using the computerized GAITRite system. Results : The system integrates specific components of locomotion to provide a single, numerical representation of gait, the Functional Ambulation Performance score. Differences in gait characteristics between the two groups were examined using a correlated t-test(p<.05). Significant differences were observed between the groups for step length, step/extremity ratio and velocity. Young people demonstrated a significantly larger velocity, step length and step/extremity ratio than the elderly people. Conclusions: These results indicate that the GAITRite system can be useful in detecting footfall patterns and selected time and distance measurements of young and older persons. Additionaly, differences in walking velocity, step length and step/extremity ratio between old and young people may have influenced the gait characteristics measured.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for 4 weeks on the plasma free oxygen radical and total antioxidant capacity at resting and after one bout exercise in healthy old men. Thirty volunteers with an average (+/-SD) age of 62.59+/-5.3 years participated in this study and were divided with three groups; CoQ10 (200 mg daily) group, vitamin C & E (800mg, 400 IU daily) group, and placebo group. A cycle exercise (60% HRR) test was performed at the end of study. Blood samples were taken for the analyses at rest and pre-, post-, 30min after cycle exercise, before and after the 4 weeks of supplementation. After supplementation, there were no significant differences in the plasma free oxygen radical levels and total antioxidant capacity at resting. Plasma free oxygen radical level and total antioxidant capacity in three groups were significantly elevated after exercise, however, it did not vary significantly between groups. CoQ10 supplementation showed significant difference in total antioxidant capacity during recovery phase compared with placebo group. Our results demonstrated that supplementation of CoQ10 in healthy old men improve blood total antioxidant capacity after one bout exercise, despite no alteration of plasma free oxygen radical levels.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine whether applying ultrasound after stretching the erector spinae muscle is an effective method for normal adults as a way to restore reduced back flexibility that causes back pain. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 healthy volunteers divided randomly into four groups (control group, stretching group, ultrasound group, ultrasound after stretching group). The flexibility-promoting effects were determined by assessing, each group, at the time of treatment, pre and post by modified fingertip to-floor (MFTF) and active straight leg raising (ASLR). The data were analyzed using the two-way ANOVA repeated measure with significant level α=.05. Results: Each group showed statistically significant changes in MFTF distance and ASLR degree. In the post-hoc test about this result, the length of MFTF and degree of ASLR in ultrasound after stretching group increased significantly compared to the others. Conclusion: The results suggest that using ultrasound after stretching is far more effective in increasing the flexibility of the erector spinae than using stretching or ultrasound intervention.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.412-420
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the anterograde amnesic effect of Midazolam administrated by intranasal and oral route. Fifteen healthy volunteers(ASA I) were administrated with placebo, oral Midazolam(15mg), intranasal Midazolam(0.25mg/kg) every 2 weeks. First picture cards were shown to volunteers before medication. At 15, 30, 45 minutes, other picture cards were shown to volunteers. BP, $SpO_2$ and sedation scores were measured. After 24 hours, the volunteers were questioned about their memory of pictures. To assess amnesic effect, recall and recognition test were performed using a series of picture cards designed for this purpose. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Compared to placebo, Midazolam group(oral and intranasal) experienced a significant anterograde amnesic effect(P<0.01) 2. There was no difference between oral and intranasal Midazolam(P>0.01). 3. Anterograde amnesic effect of oral and intranasal Midazolam group began at 15minutes. It became increasingly, oral Midazolam group experienced extremely amnesic effect at 45minutes, intranasal Midazolam group was at 30minutes. 4. After 30minutes of Midazolam administration, anterograde amnesia of oral Midazolam group is more effective than intranasal Midazolam group.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.207-213
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• 1999

To examine individual variation in drug metabolism catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), 179 Korean volunteers' urinary molar concentration ratio of theobromine (TB) and caffeine (CA) was determined. Their urine was collected for 1 hr (between 4 and 5 hrs) after they drank a cup of coffee containing 115 mg CA and analyzed by an HPLC system. The lowest TB/CA ratio obtained was 0.40, the highest ratio was 15.17 (38-fold difference), and the median ratio for all subjects was 1.87. The mean was 2.66 with 2.36 S.D.. In 134 nonsmokers, the mean ratio was $2.35{\pm}1.93,$ that of 51 males was $2.30{\pm}2.26$ and 83 females was $2.37{\pm}1.85,$ respectively. There was no significant gender difference in the obtained TB/CA ratio (Mann-Whitney test; p=0.518). There were no smokers among the 83 female volunteers. In the remaining 96 male subjects, the ratio obtained in 51 nonsmokers was $2.30{\pm}2.06$ and that of 45 smokers was $3.62{\pm}3.19.$ This indicated that the TB/CA ratio was increased significantly in smokers (p=0.007). However, when the TB/CA ratios (FMO activity) obtained in all 179 Korean volunteers are compared with the urinary concentration ratios of paraxanthine (PX) plus 1,7-dimethylurate (17U) to CA (CYP1A2 activity), there was a weak but significant correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient test; $r^2=0.28,$ p＜0.0001). This indicates that, although the urinary TB/CA ratio mostly represents FMO activity, minor contribution by CYP1A2 activity cannot be ignored. In conclusion, the FMO activity measured by taking the urinary TB/CA ratio from normal healthy Korean volunteers shows marked individual variations without significant gender differences and the increased TB/CA ratio observed in cigarette smokers may have been caused by the increased CYP1A2 activity.